Abstract
BackgroundPorcine embryos undergo rapid differentiation and expansion between Days 8 and 12 before attaching to the maternal uterine epithelial surface after Day 13. It is known that maternal recognition of pregnancy and successful implantation are driven by mutual interactions between the elongated conceptus and the maternal endometrium. While most of the genes involved in regulation of embryo development are located on autosomal chromosomes, gene expression on sex chromosomes is modulating development through sex-specific transcription. To gain more insights into the dynamic transcriptome of preimplantation embryos at the onset of elongation and into X-linked gene expression, RNA-seq analyses were performed for single female and male porcine embryos collected on Days 8, 10, and 12 of pregnancy.ResultsA high number of genes were differentially expressed across the developmental stages (2174 and 3275 for Days 8 vs 10, and 10 vs 12, respectively). The majority of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in embryo elongation, development, and embryo-maternal interaction. Interestingly, a number of DEGs was found with respect to embryo sex (137, 37, and 56 on Days 8, 10 and 12, respectively). At Day 8, most of these DEGs were X-linked (96). Strikingly, the number of DEGs encoded on the X chromosome dramatically decreased from Day 10 to Day 12.ConclusionsThe obtained results deepen the understanding about temporary transcriptomic changes in porcine embryos during the phase of conceptus elongation, meanwhile reveal dynamic compensation of X chromosome in the female and distinct transcriptional differences between female and male embryos.
Highlights
Porcine embryos undergo rapid differentiation and expansion between Days 8 and before attaching to the maternal uterine epithelial surface after Day
Interleukin 1 receptor (IL1R1) in the endometrium activated by conceptus IL1B2 triggers a cellular signaling pathway cascade through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), mitogen activated kinase-like protein (MAPK) [15] and nuclear factors kappa-B (NFKB) [16]
RNA sequencing of porcine embryo samples At least two embryos were selected from the same sow in each stage and they were mixed within the same treatment
Summary
Porcine embryos undergo rapid differentiation and expansion between Days 8 and 12 before attaching to the maternal uterine epithelial surface after Day 13. Porcine embryos undergo a morphological transformation before attaching to the uterine surface, which is supposed to maximize the intimate embryo-maternal communication. This is essential for maternal recognition of pregnancy and proper embryonic development during the preimplantation period, and a prerequisite for a successful pregnancy [1]. Porcine conceptus interleukin one beta (IL1B) mRNA and protein abundance is increasing during the transformation from the tubular to the filamentous stage, reaching a maximum at the highly elongating period [12]. Interleukin 1 receptor (IL1R1) in the endometrium activated by conceptus IL1B2 triggers a cellular signaling pathway cascade through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), mitogen activated kinase-like protein (MAPK) [15] and nuclear factors kappa-B (NFKB) [16]. The dynamic changes of gene expression during the preimplantation period in the conceptus are still poorly understood
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