Differential status of the renin–angiotensin system of silver sea bream ( Sparus sarba) in different salinities

Abstract

Silver sea bream ( Sparus sarba) is extremely euryhaline and can survive in a wide range of salinities (0–70‰). The status of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in sea bream adapted to different salinities was studied. As indicated by plasma Ang II levels, a suppressed status of the RAS was found to occur under brackish water conditions; while under hypersaline conditions, an activated RAS prevailed, especially in fish adapted to double strength seawater (70‰). Captopril successfully blocked the conversion of Ang I to Ang II, causing a dramatic drop in plasma Ang II levels, and such decrease was accompanied by lowered plasma cortisol levels. The pattern of changes in branchial Na–K-ATPase activity in different salinities was similar to those of plasma Ang II and cortisol, suggesting a causal regulatory role of Ang II on branchial Na–K-ATPase activity. Intraperitoneal injection of Ang II elicited a dose-dependent increase in branchial Na–K-ATPase activity in both 33- and 6‰-adapted sea bream, but a relatively more intense stimulation of enzyme activity occurred in hyposmotic-adapted fish. Abrupt hyposmotic transfer rapidly lowered plasma Ang II level but elevated branchial Na–K-ATPase and transiently elevated plasma cortisol, indicating that these parameters are not solely controlled by Ang II but are also influenced by other hormonal factors that change during salinity transfer. Blood volumes of both 33- and 6‰-adapted sea bream exhibited high stability during short-term salinity transfers and after long-term salinity adaptation. Captopril significantly reduced resting blood pressure in both 33- and 6‰-adapted sea bream, indicating that the RAS was involved in maintenance of resting blood pressure in both hyperosmotic and hyposmotic environments. Blood pressure was highly stable during abrupt salinity transfer and captopril blockade did not alter such stability. The vasopressive effect of angiotensins was more potent in 6‰-adapted sea bream. These results showed that the RAS is involved in the maintenance of fluid and pressure homeostasis in sea bream and hyposmotic-adapted sea bream has an abated RAS status.