Abstract
The tumor suppressor promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein is fused to the retinoic acid receptor alpha in patients suffering from acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Treatment of APL patients with arsenic trioxide (As2O3) reverses the disease phenotype by a process involving the degradation of the fusion protein via its PML moiety. Several PML isoforms are generated from a single PML gene by alternative splicing. They share the same N-terminal region containing the RBCC/tripartite motif but differ in their C-terminal sequences. Recent studies of all the PML isoforms reveal the specific functions of each. Here, we review the nomenclature and structural organization of the PML isoforms in order to clarify the various designations and classifications found in different databases. The functions of the PML isoforms and their differential roles in antiviral defense also are reviewed. Finally, the key players involved in the degradation of the PML isoforms in response to As2O3 or other inducers are discussed.
Highlights
The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene was originally identified in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) where it is fused to the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) gene as a result of a t(15; 17) chromosomal translocation
PMLVI resistance to As2O3-induced degradation is bypassed by overexpression of RNF4 (Maroui et al, 2012). These results demonstrate that the SUMO Interacting Motif (SIM) hydrophobic core is required for efficient As2O3-induced PML degradation, an event that occurs after the recruitment of RNF4 by poly-SUMOylated PML
The SUMOylation of PML is required for its anti-encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) activity and, a SUMOylation-deficient mutant (PMLIV-3KR) is neither able to recruit the 3D polymerase (3Dpol) within PML nuclear bodies (NBs) nor to impair viral production (Maroui et al, 2011)
Summary
The tumor suppressor promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein is fused to the retinoic acid receptor alpha in patients suffering from acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Treatment of APL patients with arsenic trioxide (As2O3) reverses the disease phenotype by a process involving the degradation of the fusion protein via its PML moiety. Several PML isoforms are generated from a single PML gene by alternative splicing. They share the same N-terminal region containing the RBCC/tripartite motif but differ in their C-terminal sequences. Recent studies of all the PML isoforms reveal the specific functions of each. The key players involved in the degradation of the PML isoforms in response to As2O3 or other inducers are discussed
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