Abstract
Several Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (flor yeasts) form a biofilm (flor velum) on the surface of Sherry wines after fermentation, when glucose is depleted. This flor velum is fundamental to biological aging of these particular wines. In this study, we identify abundant proteins in the formation of the biofilm of an industrial flor yeast strain. A database search to enrich flor yeast “biological process” and “cellular component” according to Gene Ontology Terminology (GO Terms) and, “pathways” was carried out. The most abundant proteins detected were largely involved in respiration, translation, stress damage prevention and repair, amino acid metabolism (glycine, isoleucine, leucine and arginine), glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and biosynthesis of vitamin B9 (folate). These proteins were located in cellular components as in the peroxisome, mitochondria, vacuole, cell wall and extracellular region; being these two last directly related with the flor formation. Proteins like Bgl2p, Gcv3p, Hyp2p, Mdh1p, Suc2p and Ygp1p were quantified in very high levels. This study reveals some expected processes and provides new and important information for the design of conditions and genetic constructions of flor yeasts for improving the cellular survival and, thus, to optimize biological aging of Sherry wine production.
Highlights
Saccharomyces cerevisiae flor yeast strains are very interesting for winemaking purposes due to their influence on the sensory properties of Sherry type wines [1,2]
A total of 413 proteins was detected under the biofilm formation condition (BFC) and 611 under non-biofilm formation condition (NBFC), of which 266 were more abundant under BFC
439 proteins were more abundant under NBFC
Summary
Saccharomyces cerevisiae flor yeast strains are very interesting for winemaking purposes due to their influence on the sensory properties of Sherry type wines [1,2]. These wines are produced from a process named “biological aging”, a process conducted in many regions around the world, including Spain, France, Italy, South Africa, Hungary, Armenia, USA (California) and Southern Australia. Yeast proliferation under the prevailing oxidative conditions of biological aging is facilitated by the antioxidant defense system protecting cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during the oxidative metabolism of non-fermentable carbon sources (ethanol and glycerol) [3,4]. The GO Term finder tool of SGD and a GO Term or pathway ratio were utilized to identify the GO Terms, pathways and particular proteins exhibiting the greatest differences between the two tested conditions
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