Abstract
Purpose: Lacking intrinsic regenerative capacity in articular cartilage requires the need for successful therapy options to treat focal cartilage defects which can cause osteoarthritis. Cell-based approaches to treat cartilage defects often rely on articular chondrocytes (AC) whose harvest inevitable evokes healthy cartilage damage. An attractive alternative cell source for cartilage tissue engineering are mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). However, MSC in vitro chondrogenesis is hampered by undesired intrinsic endochondral differentiation resembling hypertrophic differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes characterized by upregulation of collagen type X, Indian hedgehog, bone sialoprotein IBSP, alkaline phosphatase ALP, and others.
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