Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) are the most important starch crops in world agriculture. While both germinate with an anatomically similar coleoptile, this tissue defines the early anoxia tolerance of rice and the anoxia intolerance of wheat seedlings. We combined protein and metabolite profiling analysis to compare the differences in response to anoxia between the rice and wheat coleoptiles. Rice coleoptiles responded to anoxia dramatically, not only at the level of protein synthesis but also at the level of altered metabolite pools, while the wheat response to anoxia was slight in comparison. We found significant increases in the abundance of proteins in rice coleoptiles related to protein translation and antioxidant defense and an accumulation of a set of enzymes involved in serine, glycine, and alanine biosynthesis from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate or pyruvate, which correlates with an observed accumulation of these amino acids in anoxic rice. We show a positive effect on wheat root anoxia tolerance by exogenous addition of these amino acids, indicating that their synthesis could be linked to rice anoxia tolerance. The potential role of amino acid biosynthesis contributing to anoxia tolerance in cells is discussed.
Highlights
Rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) are economically important crops that are adversely affected by multiple environmental stresses
The potential role of amino acid biosynthesis contributing to anoxia tolerance is discussed, and we show a positive effect on tolerance upon exogenous supplementation of these amino acids in wheat but not in rice
To investigate the impact of the changes in primary metabolism on metabolite pools, we considered the overall changes in the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiles of primary metabolites in wheat and rice coleoptiles exposed to anoxia
Summary
Rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) are economically important crops that are adversely affected by multiple environmental stresses. The identified anoxically synthesized protein data set in rice does not form complete biochemical pathways (Ricard et al, 1991; Huang et al, 2005) Missing from this set are a range of enzymes in glycolysis and the enzymes that could explain the observed amino acid accumulation in rice coleoptiles under anoxia (Fan et al, 1997; Kato-Noguchi and Ohashi, 2006). A set of enzymes that increased in abundance in anoxic rice, a change that was not apparent in wheat, are involved in Ser, Gly, and Ala biosynthesis from glycolytic metabolites This correlates with the observed accumulation of these amino acids in anoxic rice coleoptiles. The potential role of amino acid biosynthesis contributing to anoxia tolerance is discussed, and we show a positive effect on tolerance upon exogenous supplementation of these amino acids in wheat but not in rice
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