Differential Modulation of Cancellous and Cortical Distal Femur by Fructose and Natural Mineral-Rich Water Consumption in Ovariectomized Female Sprague Dawley Rats

Cidália Pereira,Miguel Bernardes,David Guede,Nuno Silva,Cecília Durães,Emanuel Passos,Maria João Martins,Rosário Monteiro,Inês Brandão

doi:10.3390/nu11102316

Abstract

Bone mineral density (BMD) and microstructure depend on estrogens and diet. We assessed the impact of natural mineral-rich water ingestion on distal femur of fructose-fed estrogen-deficient female Sprague Dawley rats. Ovariectomized rats drank tap or mineral-rich waters, with or without 10%-fructose, for 10 weeks. A sham-operated group drinking tap water was included (n = 6/group). Cancellous and cortical bone compartments were analyzed by microcomputed tomography. Circulating bone metabolism markers were measured by enzyme immunoassay/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or multiplex bead assay. Ovariectomy significantly worsened cancellous but not cortical bone, significantly increased circulating degradation products from C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL), and significantly decreased circulating osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin/RANKL ratio. In ovariectomized rats, in cancellous bone, significant water effect was observed for all microstructural properties, except for the degree of anisotropy, and BMD (neither a significant fructose effect nor a significant interaction between water and fructose ingestion effects were observed). In cortical bone, it was observed a significant (a) water effect for medullary volume and cortical endosteal perimeter; (b) fructose effect for cortical thickness, medullary volume, cross-sectional thickness and cortical endosteal and periosteal perimeters; and (c) interaction effect for mean eccentricity. In blood, significant fructose and interaction effects were found for osteoprotegerin (no significant water effect was seen). For the first time in ovariectomized rats, the positive modulation of cortical but not of cancellous bone by fructose ingestion and of both bone locations by natural mineral-rich water ingestion is described.

Highlights

Osteoporosis leads to reduced bone mass and strength as well as disrupted bone microarchitecture and, skeletal fragility, which culminates in an increased risk of bone fracture
We have described that the intake of this natural mineral-rich water induces signaling through Sirt1/p-AMPK/PGC1α in male and ovariectomized female CD Sprague Dawley rats, fructose-fed or not [28,42,43], which has a beneficial impact upon bone and cartilage and protects against osteoporosis [53,54]
We found that the aforesaid overall apparent pattern of natural mineral-rich water ingestion prevention against ovariectomy detrimental effects was more evident for trabecular number, bone surface density, and bone volumetric fraction, with significant differences being obtained with and without fructose, followed by trabecular bone pattern factor and structural model index with a tendency and significant difference, respectively, being perceived without fructose

Summary

Introduction

Osteoporosis leads to reduced bone mass and strength as well as disrupted bone microarchitecture and, skeletal fragility, which culminates in an increased risk of bone fracture. Imbalance of remodelling in cancellous and cortical bone compartments, leading to the loss of bone tissue and alteration of bone microarchitecture, can occur as a consequence of differential modulation by estrogen deprivation and aging [1,2,3,4,5]. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disorder [2,6,10,11]. Bisphosphonates, such as alendronate, are first-line drug therapy for the primary prevention of osteoporosis, notwithstanding the strong bone beneficial effects of hormone therapy (HT)

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