Differential gene expression of cytokines, receptors, and miRNAs in individuals living with HIV-1 and vaccinated against yellow fever

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Between 2016 and 2018, Brazil faced a yellow fever (YF) outbreak, which led to an expansion of vaccination coverage. The coexistence of the YF outbreak and the HIV-1 epidemic in Brazil raised concerns regarding the immune response and vaccine effectiveness in individuals living with HIV (PLWH). The aim of this study was to investigate the immune response to YF vaccination in PLWH and HIV-uninfected individuals as controls. Transcript levels of immunomodulatory molecules, including IL-6, IL-10, IL-21, TGF-β, CD19, CD163, miR-21, miR-146, and miR-155, were measured using RTqPCR. TCD4+ cells were evaluated by cytometry, and neutralizing antibody (Nab) titers were detected by a micro plaque-reduction neutralization test. The findings of our study revealed several noteworthy observations. First, there was a notable reduction in the circulation of TCD4+ cells postvaccination. Among people living with HIV (PLWH), we observed an increase in the expression of IL-10 following vaccination, while IL-6 expression was diminished in PLWH with lower TCD4+ counts. Furthermore, we identified the downregulation of CD19 and TGF-β, along with the upregulation of IL-21 and CD163. Notably, we observed positive correlations between the levels of IL-10/IL-21, IL-10/CD163, and IL-6/CD19. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between miRNAs 146 and 155. It is important to emphasize that all participants exhibited robust neutralizing antibody responses after receiving 17DD YF vaccination. In this context, the gene expression data presented can be useful for biomarker studies of protective antibodies induced by YF vaccination. This study sheds light on immune mechanisms in individuals living with HIV and YF vaccination.