Differential effects of physiological concentrations of retinoic acid in vitro on chondrogenesis and myogenesis in chick craniofacial mesenchyme

Abstract

Abstract Recent studies have shown that in the developing limb bud retinoic acid is a skeletal morphogen at physiological levels, but a potent teratogen at higher levels. Retinoic acid has also been shown to be teratogenic during facial development, but very low levels may have an as yet unspecified role in normal development. In the present study the effects of retinoic on chondrogenesis and myogenesis by craniofacial cells grown in micromass cell culture were investigated. Retinoic acid, at concentrations of investigated. Retinoic acid, at concentrations of 0.01–100 ng/ml, was supplied to cells derived from day-4 (H.H stage 23/24) chick embryo mandibular, maxillary and frontonasal processes, grown in micromass cultures for 4 days in both serum-containing and defined media. Based on Alcia-blue-staining, concentrations of retinoic acid of 0.1–1 ng/ml were found to enhance chondrogenesis by mandibular cells grown in defined medium, while greater concentrations up to 100/ml inhibited chondrogenesis. By contrast, chondrogenesis was generally retarded by all concentrations of retinoic acid applied to frontonasal cells grown in defined medium and when applied to both man dibular and frontonasal cells when grown in serum-containing medium. Cells from stage-23/24 maxillae did not display any significant chondrogenic activity in either medium under these culture conditions. Unlike chondrogenesis, myogenesis in mandibular, frontonasal and maxillary cultures was greater in defined than serum-containing medium, based on the appearance of immunologically detectable muscle myosin, and was reduced considerably less in defined medium by all concentrations of retinoic acid tested. In the presence of serum however, myogenesis was retarded with increasing concentrations of retinoic acid beyond 1 ng/ml in micromass cultures from the various facial processes suggests complexities in sensitivity to this retinoid in both time and region.