Differential effect of valproate and its Δ 2- and Δ 4-unsaturated metabolites, on the β-oxidation rate of long-chain and medium-chain fatty acids

Abstract

Overall fatty acid oxidation rates were investigated in rat hepatocytes using [9,10- 3H]-palmitic, [9,10- 3H]-oleic, [9,10- 3H]-myristic and [2,3- 3H]-phenylpropionic acids. The effect of both valproate (VPA) (0–10 mM) and two of its unsaturated metabolites, Δ 2(E)-VPA and Δ 4-VPA (0–10 mM), on the overall 3H 2O production rate was studied. The results give evidence of a general inhibitory effect of VPA on the β-oxidation rate of all the tested substrates. Similar effects were observed with both VPA metabolites but these effects appeared to be dependent on the chain length of the substrate. When the effect on the oxidation of the medium-chain fatty acid 3-phenylpropionate (PPA) was studied, Δ 2(E)-VPA at 0.5 mM caused a 94% inhibition of the overall β-oxidation rate. However, with long-chain substrates, 0.5 mM Δ 4-VPA was a more potent inhibitor (20–30% of control activity) than 0.5 mM Δ 2(E)-VPA (60–80% of control activity). Our results suggest that VPA and/or its metabolites inhibit fatty acyl-CoA metabolism within the mitochondrion by two different mechanisms. The first mechanism involves CoASH sequestration, which affects the oxidation rate of all fatty acids with different chain length. The second mechanism is more specific in nature and involves selective inhibition of particular enzymes implicated in fatty acid β-oxidation.