Differential Early Performance of Two Underplanted Hardwood Tree Species Following Restoration Treatments in High-Graded Temperate Rainforests

Daniel P Soto,Angélica Vásquez-Grandón,Mauricio González-Chang,Christian Salas-Eljatib,Pablo J Donoso

doi:10.3390/f11040401

Daniel P Soto, Angélica Vásquez-Grandón + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/f11040401

Copy DOI

Abstract

Raulí (Nothofagus alpina (Poepp. & Endl.)) and Ulmo (Eucryphia cordifolia Cav.) are mid-tolerant tree species in the Coihue-Raulí-Tepa (ca. 0.55 mill ha) and Evergreen (ca. 4.1 mill ha) forest types in south-central Chile, respectively. These species have been selectively logged in old-growth forests especially during the 20th century, Raulí mostly for its highly valuable timber, and Ulmo for its highly demanded firewood and bark for the tannery industry. Natural regeneration of these species occurs mostly through canopy gaps, but it can be retarded, or even inhibited, when the cover of the understory vegetation becomes unusually dense, such as in high-graded forests. Although underplanting is possible for these species, the knowledge about their growth in forest understories is scarce, and necessary to inform restoration programs. Therefore, we evaluated short-term responses (two years) of underplanted containerized seedlings in root-collar diameter, height, stem volume, and in the slenderness index, as a function of canopy openness (%, continuous variable) and three restoration treatments (categorical variables, plus one control treatment) at two different sites with high-graded old-growth forests for each forest type. By using generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs) we determined that Raulí was more sensitive to the influence of both canopy openness and restoration treatments, while Ulmo was mostly influenced by canopy openness. Specifically, Raulí was positively influenced by canopy openness and restoration treatments in all response variables except for the slenderness index. Conversely, Ulmo was influenced by canopy openness in all response variables except the slenderness index, which was influenced by both predictor variables (canopy openness and restoration treatments). Thus, prospects for restoration with these species are discussed, including possible ontogenetic changes in their responses to light that may demand continuous silvicultural operations to recover the productive and functional roles of these species in these forest ecosystems.

Highlights

Forest degradation is estimated to affect nearly one-half of the world’s forests, which are less biodiverse and productive than well-conserved forests [1,2]
Raulí was significantly influenced by canopy openness and the restoration treatments for root-collar diameter, total height, and stem volume index, but not for the slenderness index (Slen) (Table 3, Figure 2)
Ulmo was only significantly influenced by canopy openness in paid, paih, and paiv, while Slen was significantly influenced by both fixed effects (Table 3)

Summary

Introduction

Forest degradation is estimated to affect nearly one-half of the world’s forests, which are less biodiverse and productive than well-conserved forests [1,2]. Forests 2020, 11, 401 or arrests forest recovery in the mid- to the long-term and reduces some ecological functions and processes throughout successional development [1,3]. Underplanting may become the main option to restore these species in these human-disturbed forest ecosystems [6,7,8,9,10]. In these cases, without appropriate silviculture protocols, the risks of potential undesirable outcomes (e.g., ecosystem disservices [11,12])

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion