Abstract
The present study is to explore the relationship between GABA/GAT1 and mechanism of sperm maturation in epididymis. The distribution of GABA and GAT1 was observed under microscope in different magnifications. Immune labeled GABA and GAT1 at the different regions of epididymis was semi-quantified. Our data illustrated that GABA was significantly higher produced at caput of epididymis than that at corpus or cauda of epididymis. Consistently, the distribution of GAT1 showed similar patterns at the different regions of epididymis. The current data suggested that differential expression of GABA and its transport protein I (GAT1) at the different regions of epididymis may be related to maturation and subsequently the function of sperms. Such information may also contribute to our clinical practice in Andrology.
Highlights
The therapeutic benefits of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) in the management of sudden cardiac deaths have been proven beyond doubt
Most patients felt safer following ICD implantation judging their decision for ICD as right
Clinical variables included ICD indication, current functional status in heart failure based on the New York Heart Association (NYHA) for heart failure and the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) for angina pectoris as well as the presence of psychiatric illnesses such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia
Summary
The therapeutic benefits of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) in the management of sudden cardiac deaths have been proven beyond doubt. With significant scientific evidence supporting the ICDs, current international and national guidelines strongly endorse the device in high-risk patients with either ischemic or non-ischemic heart failure [1]. This has resulted in a significant increase in implants, with 252 implants in Europe and 675 implants in the USA per million of the population per year [2,3]. Despite the wide acceptance of ICDs [4], there have been growing concerns regarding the adverse patient-reported outcomes after ICD implantation [5]. Psychiatric issues, predominantly depression and anxiety, have been reported affecting up to 87 % of patients
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