Abstract
In vivo and in vitro studies of differential continuous wave photoacoustic spectroscopy (DCW-PAS) for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring were performed. The DCW-PAS technique utilizes amplitude modulation of dual wavelengths of light to determine changes in glucose concentration. The study compared DCW-PAS measurements with results from invasive blood glucose sensor measurements during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) of healthy people. The trends in blood glucose levels (BGLs) obtained from invasive sensors and from the photoacoustic signal have good agreement, with the standard error and correlation coefficient against BGLs of 48 mg/dL or less and 0.80, respectively. Our proposed photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) method shows high potential for use in a non-invasive BGL sensor.
Highlights
T HE number of diabetic patients is increasing rapidly worldwide [1], and patients are required to measure their blood glucose levels (BGLs) for proper treatment
Differential continuous-wave photoacoustic spectroscopy (DCW-PAS) is a technique we have recently developed by combining CW-PAS with dual wavelength modulation
Where μ is the absorption coefficient, C is the change in glucose concentration, I is the intensity of the light, is a Gruneisen parameter depending on the material of the sample, and K is an empirical coefficient which relies on the conditions of acoustic wave generation and detection
Summary
T HE number of diabetic patients is increasing rapidly worldwide [1], and patients are required to measure their blood glucose levels (BGLs) for proper treatment. Optical techniques have the advantage of noninvasive selective detection of glucose molecules through light absorption based on excitation of vibrational and/or rotational modes. Techniques based on PAS are useful for mitigating this issue because they have the advantages of optical techniques with the added advantages of the high sensitivity to light and robustness of acoustic waves versus the scattering and absorbing properties of tissue [4]–[7]. The first to investigate DCW-PAS in the human body, we performed both in vitro measurements and an in vivo pilot study with three healthy volunteers in which we compared DCW-PAS and invasive BGL sensors during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs)
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