Abstract
BACKGROUND: Carrageenin (CAR) injection into the pleural cavity causes local inflammation called carrageenin-induced pleurisy (CAR-IP). Inflammation onset is characterized by an activation of pro-inflammatory NFkappaB, RelA-p50, while inflammation resolution is characterized by an activation of an anti-inflammatory NFkappaB, p50-p50, that re-establishes homeostasis, an essential process for an organism's survival. Although chronic alcohol intake disrupts inflammation, the mechanism behind the development of inflammatory disorder in alcoholics is not yet known. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to study the effects of ethanol intake on CAR-IP and NFkappaB activation in pleural fluid neutrophils in P rats. METHODS: Alcohol-preferring, P rats were given free choice of alcohol (15% ethanol) and water or water alone (for control) for 15 days. Then, each rat was injected with 0.2 ml of 2% CAR into the pleural cavity under light ether anesthesia. At different time intervals after the CAR injection, rats were anesthetized and their blood and pleural fluid samples were collected. Pleural fluid inflammatory cells were identified with Turk's or Wright-Giemsa staining. Different cell types were sorted using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Pleural fluid neutrophils were examined for apoptosis and activation of the two NFkappaB subspecies. RESULTS: In control rats, fluid began to accumulate in the pleural cavity 0.5 h after, which peaked 24 h after, CAR injection. Then, the values declined gradually. The increase in pleural fluid correlated with RelA-p50 activation, while the decline in pleural fluid correlated with p50-p50 activation and apoptosis in neutrophils. In alcohol-drinking rats, pleural fluid remained elevated for up to 6 days after CAR injection. Neutrophils from alcohol-drinking rats exhibited suppressed apoptosis, augmented RelA-p50 activation, and suppressed p50-p50 activation. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol intake prolonged inflammation in P rats. An alcohol-induced upregulation of RelA-p50 activation and downregulation of p50-p50 activation may be causally related to the alcohol-induced inflammation dysregulation.
Highlights
Carrageenin (CAR), when injected into the pleural cavity, causes tissue damage and local inflammation called carrageenin-induced pleurisy (CAR-IP).[1]
We propose that chronic ethanol intake dysregulates CAR-IP by upregulating pro-inflammatory NFkB:RelA-p50 signaling, but suppressing the anti-inflammatory NFkB:p50-p50 signaling in rats
This study showed that plasma fluid began to accumulate into the pleural cavity 0.5 h after CAR injection
Summary
Carrageenin (CAR), when injected into the pleural cavity, causes tissue damage and local inflammation called carrageenin-induced pleurisy (CAR-IP).[1] Plasma exudation is followed by neutrophil, monocyte and lymphocyte infiltration in the pleural cavity after CAR injection in rats.[2,3] The exudate cells are programmed to undergo apoptosis that limits inflammatory response and re-establishes homeostasis.[4,5] NFkB, a family of dimeric transcription factors consisting of p50, p65 (Rel A), Rel B, c-Rel, p105 and p52/p100 monomers, plays a key role in both the evolution and resolution of inflammation.[6,7] In resting cells NFkB exists as an inactive NFkB. The aim of this investigation was to study the effects of ethanol intake on CAR-IP and NFkB activation in pleural fluid neutrophils in P rats. At different time intervals after the CAR injection, rats were anesthetized and their blood and pleural fluid samples were
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