Different Weight Loss Intervention Approaches Reveal a Lack of a Common Pattern of Gut Microbiota Changes.

Carolina Gutiérrez-Repiso,Isabel Moreno-Indias,Lourdes Garrido-Sánchez,Francisco J Tinahones,M Rosa Bernal-López,María Molina-Vega,José M García-Almeida,Ignacio Sajoux

doi:10.3390/jpm11020109

Abstract

Options for treatment of obesity include dietary approaches and bariatric surgery. Previous studies have shown that weight loss interventions have an impact on gut microbiota. However, a pattern of gut microbiota changes associated with weight loss independently of the type of intervention has not been described yet. This study includes 61 individuals who followed different weight loss strategies in three different trials: 21 followed a hypocaloric Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), 18 followed a very-low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) and 22 patients underwent sleeve gastrectomy bariatric surgery (BS). Gut microbiota profile was assessed by next-generation sequencing. A common taxon that had significantly changed within the three weight loss interventions could not be find. At the family level, Clostiridiaceae significantly increased its abundance with MedDiet and VLCKD, whilst Porphyromonadacean and Rikenellaceae significantly increased with VLCKD and BS. At genus level, in VLCKD and BS, Parabacteroides and Alistipes significantly increased their abundance whilst Lactobacillus decreased. At the species level, BS and VLCKD produced an increase in Parabacteroides distasonis and a decrease in Eubactierium ventriosum and Lactobacillus rogosae, whilst Orodibacter splanchnicus increased its abundance after the BS and MedDiet. Predicted metagenome analysis suggested that most of the changes after VLCKD were focused on pathways related to biosynthesis and degradation/utilization/assimilation, while BS seems to decrease most of the biosynthesis pathways. MedDiet was enriched in several pathways related to fermentation to short-chain fatty acids. Our results show that weight loss is not associated with a specific pattern of gut microbiota changes independently of the strategy used. Indeed, gut microbiota changes according to type of weight loss intervention.

Highlights

IntroductionThe microbes that live in and on the human body are known as human microbiota and the genes contained in the microbiota constitute the microbiome
Age was significantly different in the three groups: 64.0 ± 4.7 years in Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), 47.5 ± 5.5 years in bariatric surgery (BS) and 42.6 ± 10.8 years in the very-low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) group (p < 0.001)
Our study shows that weight loss was not associated with a particular pattern of gut microbiota changes independently of the strategy used

Summary

Introduction

The microbes that live in and on the human body are known as human microbiota and the genes contained in the microbiota constitute the microbiome. Obesity has become a worldwide health problem. Lifestyle changes, including a hypercaloric diet and a decrease in physical activity, are environmental key factors involved in the obesity epidemic. Microbiota has emerged as an important environmental factor that could contribute to obesity [2]. In this sense, fecal transplantation using animal models has arisen as a powerful research line to elucidate the role of gut microbiota in host metabolism [3]

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