Different Restoration Thinning Treatments Affect Level of Soil Disturbance in Ponderosa Pine Forests of Northern Arizona, USA

Abstract

:GR IHG => KHL: IBG > ' ;@GEBA @6 7DAE3 ?HK>LML BG MA> LHNMA P>L M>KG 2 GBM>= 0M:M>L G MER KHNL LF:EE MK>>L PBMAAB@A ?N>E EH:=L :G= EHP A>K ;: H NLNG =>KLMH KR =BO>KL BMR :G = IK H=N LMHK> MA>L>?HK>LML BG MK>> MABGG BG@ :G= IK> L = ?BK> #NE [ :G= HMA>KL  1K >> MABG GBG @ LL>L :G= MK>> :G= A>K ;: H NL IKH =N MH LHBEIKH ?BE>=BLMNK;:G :G= GL >G :G = HMA>KL  * KL  1 A> :FH NG M H?LHBE =BLMNK;: G :LLH = P BMA MK>>MABGG BG@ H?M>G O:KB>L P BMA MA> MRI > H?>JN BIF>G M NL>= MA> :F HNG M H? MK>>K>F HO:E LHBEF HBLMN K> GM :M MA>MBFB G@ H? MABGGB G@ :G = MA> LHBEMRI>? HK >Q :F IE> MA> :FH NGM H? LHBE LN K ?: HK@ :G B K $K>: G :G=0: G=L  % HP :K= :G = HMA>KL /: ;  L F>F ;>KL H? MA> LMHK:MBH G GC> L H? MABL LMN=R P >K> MH  =>M>K FBG > MA> >??> K>G M A:KO >LML>O> KBMR E>O> EL :G = =B??>K>GM A:KO> LMLRLM>FL HG LHBE=BLMNK; :G ;R @H KBSBG@ LHBE IKH? BE> =BLMNK;:G :G =  => M>KFB G> MA> >??> K>G M A:K O> LM L>O> KBMR E>O>EL :G = =B??>K>G M A:K O> LM LRLM>FL HG LHBE ;NED => GLBMR :G ==> := PH H= R ;BHF :LL 4 > ARIH MA> LBS>= MA:M A:KO >LM E>O> EL GH F :MM>KAHP L>O> K> P HNE= GH M LB@G B?B B? MA> A:KO >LMP:L = P A>G MA> LHBEFHB LMN K> GM P:L :IIKH IKB:M > ?HK LI> L ;> LMN=B>L ;R $>GM :G= :@ N> L    :G = / :;  LA HP >= MA:M MA> F:C HKBMR H? LHBEIKH ?BE> =BLMNK;:G :G= BGBMB:E I: LL>L H?MABGGBG@ >JN BIF> GM 4> :ELH ARI HMA >LBS>= MA:M =B??>K>G M A:KO> LM LRLM>FLP HNE= A:O > O:KR BG@ >??> LBG LMN= B>L ;R ! B KLHG   :G= G:G :G = = BG:K>:L MA:M P> K> A:KO >LM>= NLBG@ => LB@ G:M>= LDB= MK:BEL MA:G BG :K> :L PBM AHNM=>L B@G:M >= LDB= MK:BEL