Abstract
Reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) and soil fumigant chloropicrin (SFC) are two common agricultural strategies for the elimination of soil-borne pathogens. However, the differences in soil environmental factors, soil bacterial microbiome, and root performance between SFC and RSD are poorly understood. In this study, three soil treatments, untreated control (CK), SFC with 0.5 t⋅ha–1 chloropicrin, and RSD with 15 t⋅ha–1 animal feces, were compared. We evaluated their effects on soil environmental factors, bacterial community structure, and root activity using chemical analysis and high-throughput sequencing. RSD treatment improved soil composition structure, bacterial diversity, and root performance to a greater extent. Carbon source utilization preference and bacterial community structure were strikingly altered by SFC and RSD practices. Bacterial richness, diversity, and evenness were notably lowered in the SFC- and RSD-treated soil compared with the CK-treated soil. However, RSD-treated soil harbored distinct unique and core microbiomes that were composed of more abundant and diverse potentially disease-suppressive and organic-decomposable agents. Also, soil bacterial diversity and composition were closely related to soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activity, of which pH, available Na (ANa), available Mg (AMg), available Mn (AMn), total Na (TNa), total Ca (TCa), total Cu (TCu), total Sr (TSr), urease (S-UE), acid phosphatase (S-ACP), and sucrase (S-SC) were the main drivers. Moreover, RSD treatment also significantly increased ginseng root activity. Collectively, these results suggest that RSD practices could considerably restore soil nutrient structure and bacterial diversity and improve root performance, which can be applied as a potential agricultural practice for the development of disease-suppressive soil.
Highlights
Three treatments were employed in this study: (1) untreated control (CK), soil was untreated; (2) soil fumigant chloropicrin (SFC), soil was injected with 0.5 t·ha−1 chloropicrin (Dalian Lufeng Chemical Co., Ltd., Liaoning, China) and covered with a 0.04-mm blue plastic film; and (3) Reductive soil disinfestation (RSD), soil was added with 15 t·ha−1 animal feces, irrigated to 100% water holding capacity, and covered with a 0.04-mm blue plastic film
Numerous studies have reported that soil microbiomes are considerably influenced by RSD and SFC (Huang et al, 2016a; Zhang et al, 2021; Zhu et al, 2021)
We observed that SFC treatment significantly modified the soil bacterial community structure compared with the CK treatment, which is consistent with several other studies that showed remarkable shifts in soil bacterial communities after chemical fumigation (Yan et al, 2019; Sun et al, 2020)
Summary
Reductive Soil Disinfestation with the obvious increase of the highly intensive cropping degree and long-term single continuous monoculture trend, ginseng’s dependence on pesticides has been increasing, which poses a serious threat to the environment and product safety Problems such as degradation of soil quality, serious soil-borne diseases, and inhibition of crop growth are common (Li et al, 2020). This may be caused by decomposable plant residues, root exudates, rainwater leachates, monocropping, and other reasons (Semenov et al, 2020; Vicente et al, 2020). Measures to overcome or alleviate soil degradation and soil-borne diseases have become an urgent concern
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