Abstract
Probiotics can be used as a nutritional strategy to improve gut homeostasis. We aimed to evaluate the intestinal microbiota profile of 18 subjects after ingestion of probiotic yogurt powder (PYP) based on enterotype. The subjects were classified into three enterotypes according to their microbial community: Bacteroides (n = 9, type B), Prevotella (n = 3, type P), and Ruminococcus (n = 6, type R). We performed controlled termination in a transient series that included a control period of three weeks before probiotic intake, PYP intake for three weeks, and a three-week washout period. Fecal microbiota composition was analyzed by sequencing the V3–V4 super variable region of 16S rRNA. Based on the Bristol stool shape scale, abnormal stool shape improved with PYP intake, and bowel movements were activated. The abundance of Faecalibacterium, Eggerthella, and Leuconostoc, which ferment and metabolize glucose, showed a strong correlation with type B Bacteroides, and glucose metabolism improvement was observed in all type B subjects. Alkaline phosphatase was significantly improved only in type B. In addition, the abundance of type B Bacteroides showed a negative correlation with that of Lactobacillus. The abundance of Streptococcus, Agathobacter, and Christensenella, which are involved in lipid metabolism, showed a strong correlation with that of type P Prevotella, and triglyceride metabolism improvement was observed in all type P subjects. The gut microbiota showed only short-term changes after PYP intake and showed resilience by returning to its original state when PYP intake was interrupted. In summary, the different responses to PYP intake may result from the different enterotypes and associated strains; therefore, the probiotic composition should be adjusted based on the individual enterotype.
Highlights
The intestinal microbiota contains the highest number and concentration of microorganisms living in the human body [1]
We found that glucose levels decreased by 3.5% after probiotic yogurt powder (PYP) intake, and at the time of washout, they returned to normal
Based on the results of previous studies and this study, we suggest the therapeutic potential of probiotic formulations based on S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus, focusing on S. salivarius, for subjects with type P enterotype [86]
Summary
The intestinal microbiota contains the highest number and concentration of microorganisms living in the human body [1]. The essence of enterotyping is stratifying the entire human gut microbiome; it serves as a dimensional reduction of the global microbiome variations into several categories. These categories, called enterotypes, were originally reported as “highly populated areas in a multidimensional space of community composition”, which means that they are not as sharply distinct as, for example, blood types [6]. Clear evidence and criteria for enterotyping are lacking and appear to be independent of nationality, sex, age, or body mass index (BMI) [7]. These enterotypes are known to be affected by short- and long-term diets [8,9]
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