Abstract
We systematically study different production sources of light nuclei in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions with a new method, an exclusive quark combination model + an inclusive hadron recombination model. We take deuterons and 3He produced in Pb-Pb collisions at TeV as examples to show the contribution of different production sources by studying their rapidity densities , yield ratios and transverse momentum ( ) spectra just after hadronization and at the final kinetic freeze-out. We find that about a half of and a fourth of 3He created just after hadronization can survive after the hadronic evolution process. Nucleons from resonance decays make a much larger contribution to the regeneration of light nuclei at the hadronic phase stage, and this contribution is about 77% and 90% for and 3He, respectively, calculated at the final kinetic freeze-out. In addition, we give an explanation for the constant behaviors of yield ratios and 3He as a function of the averaged charged multiplicity in Pb-Pb collisions and also provide a possible explanation for the observation that in Pb-Pb collisions is larger by a factor of about two than in pp collisions at LHC energies.
Highlights
The production of light nuclei in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is of importance for many issues in nuclear physics and particle physics
Experimental measurements of light nuclei have been extensively executed at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) [6–10], at relatively low-energy collisions such as those obtained by the NA49 Collaboration at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) [11–15], and more recently at the very high energy reactions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [16–19]
An interesting phenomenon observed at LHC is that the ratio d/p in Pb-Pb collisions is larger by a factor of about 2.2 than that in pp collisions while ratios of identified hadrons such as p/π and Λ/KS0, etc., do not show significant differences between Pb-Pb and pp collisions [16, 20]
Summary
The production of light nuclei in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is of importance for many issues in nuclear physics and particle physics. Since the binding energies of light nuclei are very small (∼ a few MeV), final-state coalescence, i.e., nucleons recombining into light nuclei at a final stage of the hadronic phase evolution (at the final kinetic freeze-out), is commonly adopted in different recombination/coalescence models [28–31]. We will make an estimation how many light nuclei can be formed just after the hadronization, and to what probability the formed light nuclei can survive until the final kinetic freeze-out. We will employ a hadron recombination model to make a systematic study of the production of light nuclei just after the hadronization as well as at the final kinetic freeze-out, based on an exclusive description for identified hadrons with a specific Quark Combination Model developed by ShanDong group SDQCM [33–35].
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