Abstract
In this review, we provide a short outlook of some of the current most popular pictures and promising approaches to non-perturbative physics and confinement in gauge theories. A qualitative and by no means exhaustive discussion presented here covers such key topics as the phases of QCD matter, the order parameters for confinement, the central vortex and monopole pictures of the QCD vacuum structure, fundamental properties of the string tension, confinement realisations in gauge-Higgs and Yang–Mills theories, magnetic order/disorder phase transition, among others.
Highlights
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) based upon the SU(3)c gauge theory of colour represents a real-world example of a fundamental Yang–Mills (YM) theory applied to the description of strong interactions and is an organic part of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics
The mass gap and colour confinement that are already realised in a gauge-Higgs theory may not be connected to an asymptotically rising static potential and Regge trajectories, and, they do not necessarily represent an emergence of the magnetic disorder state
Colour confinement and the mass gap only represent a small part of a bigger picture of confinement and should be considered as a consequence of the confined magnetic disorder state and flux tubes formation corresponding to a phase with unbroken non-trivial center symmetry
Summary
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) based upon the SU(3)c gauge theory of colour represents a real-world example of a fundamental Yang–Mills (YM) theory applied to the description of strong interactions and is an organic part of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. In virtue of colour confinement, the coloured particles appear to always be trapped (confined) inside colourless composites The latter emerges as asymptotic states, rendering the long-distance regime of hadron physics described by Effective Field Theory (EFT) approaches, such as the chiral PT, as well as a variety of non-perturbative techniques realised in numerical simulations on the lattice.
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