Abstract
Antibiotic residues that enter the soil through swine manure could disturb the number, community structure and functions of microbiota which could also degrade antibiotics in soil. Five different concentrations of doxycycline (DOX) incorporated into swine manure were added to soil to explore the effects of DOX on microbiota in soil and degradation itself. The results showed that the soil microbiome evolved an adaptation to the soil containing DOX by generating resistance genes. Moreover, some of the organisms within the soil microbiome played crucial roles in the degradation of DOX. The average degradation half-life of DOX in non-sterile groups was 13.85 ± 0.45 days, which was significantly shorter than the 29.26 ± 0.98 days in the group with sterilized soil (P < 0.01), indicating that the soil microbiome promoted DOX degradation. DOX addition affected the number of tetracycline resistance genes, depending on the type of gene and the DOX concentration. Among these genes, tetA, tetM, tetW, and tetX had significantly higher copy numbers when the concentration of DOX was higher. In contrast, a lower concentration of DOX had an inhibitory effect on tetG. At the same time, the microbial compositions were affected by the initial concentration of DOX and the different experimental periods. The soil chemical indicators also affected the microbial diversity changes, mainly because some microorganisms could survive in adversity and become dominant bacterial groups, such as the genera Vagococcus and Enterococcus (which were associated with electrical conductivity) and Caldicoprobacter spp. (which were positively correlated with pH). Our study mainly revealed soil microbiota and DOX degradation answered differently under variable concentrations of DOX mixed with swine manure in soil.
Highlights
Tetracycline (TC) antibiotics are usually used for maintain animal health and curing livestock and poultry disease. which is important for animal husbandry
Sequencing was performed according to the standard library of Honor Technology in Beijing, and the main data on the MiSeq platform was filtered for analysis
We found that the interactive effect on the initial concentration of DOX and different treatment has significant effects on the DOX degradation half-life and R2, which showed that microorganisms could significantly accelerate the degradation of DOX
Summary
Tetracycline (TC) antibiotics are usually used for maintain animal health and curing livestock and poultry disease. which is important for animal husbandry. Tetracycline (TC) antibiotics are usually used for maintain animal health and curing livestock and poultry disease. Just a few veterinary antibiotics can be absorbed by animals. As much as 30–90% veterinary antibiotics entered to soil and surface water via excreta in prototype or metabolites (Jjemba, 2006; Daghrir and Drogui, 2013; Li et al, 2015). Several studies have shown the detection of DOX residues in environmental media, such as animal manure, soil, and water. Wu et al (2010) collected soil samples from Beijing, Tianjin, etc., and DOX residues at a concentration of 0.16–5.01 μg/kg were detected. Lindberg et al (2005) detected antibiotic residues in a wastewater treatment tank in Sweden, in which the DOX concentration was 1.5 mg/kg
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