DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Abstract

Human bone tissue damage arises due to defects, injury, tumors, aging, and traffic accidents. It is one of the most challenging issues that need surgical development and advanced bone implants. Biocomposite-based bone has insufficient blood supply restricting the utilization for bone regeneration. It is often overcome by including scaffold having angiogenic factor delivery, in vitro and in vivo pre-vascularization. Bone and endothelial cell development and proliferation are stimulated by magnetic responsive scaffolds containing magnetic nanoparticles. Its porous structure allows cells to communicate and develop in all directions, which improves osteointegration. Scaffolds without seeded cells might have applications in bone tissue engineering (BTE) and it is mandatory to estimate in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility and degradation behavior. Three-dimensional (3D) printing opens the door to the creation of one-of-a-kind shapes and structures with specific properties. It helps to minimize the spread of germs during synthesis stage. The gamma rays minimize the infection communicated during transplantation but also damage the graft. When it comes to choosing biomaterials for cancellous and cortical bones, an artificial neural network has the highest recognition rate. This review paper explores the different potential approaches for bone grafting. Different techniques have been developed to create hydrogels with desirable properties for BTE, including non-toxicity, biocompatibility, controllability, and performance. A cell-free framework is used to stimulate bone regeneration, which helps in the bone the self-healing processes of bone fractures. The recent approach combines TE, material science, and genetic engineering for enhanced vascularization, restoring blood flow, and preventing cell death.