Abstract
BackgroundParaquat is one of the most effective herbicides used to control weeds in agricultural management, while the pernicious weed goosegrass (Eleusine indica) has evolved resistance to herbicides, including paraquat. Polyamines provide high-level paraquat resistance in many plants. In the present study, we selected three polyamines, namely, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, as putative genes to investigate their correlation with paraquat resistance by using paraquat-resistant (R) and paraquat-susceptible (S) goosegrass populations.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the putrescine nor spermine content between the R and S biotypes. However, 30 and 90 min after paraquat treatment, the spermidine concentration was 346.14-fold and 421.04-fold (P < 0.001) higher in the R biotype than in the S biotype, but the spermidine concentration was drastically reduced to a marginal level after 90 min. Since the transcript level of PqE was low while the spermidine concentration showed a transient increase, the PqE gene was likely involved in the synthesis of the paraquat resistance mechanism, regulation of polyamine content, and synthesis of spermidine and spermine. PqTS1, PqTS2, and PqTS3 encode transporter proteins involved in the regulation of paraquat concentration but showed different transcription patterns with synchronous changes in polyamine content.ConclusionEndogenous polyamines (especially spermidine) play a vital role in paraquat resistance in goosegrass. PqE, PqTS1, PqTS2, and PqTS3 were speculated on the relationship between polyamine metabolism and paraquat resistance. To validate the roles of PqE, PqTS1, PqTS2, and PqTS3 in polyamine transport systems, further research is needed.
Highlights
Herbicides are the most widely used tool for weed management in large production areas where hand-weeding is neither efficient nor economical [1]
PqE, PqTS1, PqTS2, and PqTS3 were speculated on the relationship between polyamine metabolism and paraquat resistance
Two hypotheses have been proposed for paraquat resistance in plants: One is an increase in the capability of plant cells to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), while the other is the ability of plant cells to sequester paraquat away from target sites in their chloroplasts [6]. there are numerous data available on paraquat resistance in response to rapidly increasing multi-resistance in weeds threats against crop production worldwide, no cases of target site paraquat-resistance have been identified for its difficult metabolism [2,7]
Summary
Herbicides are the most widely used tool for weed management in large production areas where hand-weeding is neither efficient nor economical [1]. Paraquat is a haloid salt [2] that is widely used as a non-selective herbicide to control weeds throughout the world [3,4,5]. Paraquat resistance in plant cells is determined by the uptake, efflux, sequestration, detoxification, and catabolism of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by paraquat [4]. Goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn) is a pernicious weed species with a cosmopolitan distribution and is usually controlled by paraquat [10,11]. On this paper we make further research on the role of polyamine transporter genes in paraquat resistance in goosegrass can be used to understand the molecular mechanism of paraquat resistance. Paraquat is one of the most effective herbicides used to control weeds in agricultural management, while the pernicious weed goosegrass (Eleusine indica) has evolved resistance to herbicides, including paraquat. We selected three polyamines, namely, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, as putative genes to investigate their correlation with paraquat resistance by using paraquat-resistant (R) and paraquat-susceptible (S) goosegrass populations
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