Abstract

Cytokines influence central nervous system processes [1, 2]. One of these effects is the modulation of sleep [3, 4]. Another line of evidence suggests that central nervous processes, conversely, play an important role in the regulation of immune functions [5, 6]. Besides direct connections, the central nervous system and the immune system communicate via neuroendocrine pathways [7, 8]. Hormones are potent immune modulators and also modulators of central nervous functions, such as sleep processes [9, 10]. Normal sleep and manipulations of sleep are associated with characteristic changes in hormone patterns [11]. During undisturbed sleep, growth hormone and cortisol, both known to be potent immune modulators, reach high blood levels [12]. The secretion of these hormones is substantially altered during disturbed sleep [11, 13].

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