Differences in specific chloride toxicity to Diospyros kaki cv. “Rojo Brillante” grafted on D. lotus and D. virginiana

Abstract

Persimmon trees grafted on D. lotus have been found to be extensively affected by leaf necrosis in the important cropping area of Valencia (E Spain). Although this problem has been attributed to chloride toxicity, this association had not been rigorously demonstrated. In addition the chloride and salinity tolerance of persimmons grafted on D. lotus has not been characterised, and neither has the performance of this rootstock been compared to D. virginiana. Two outdoors experiments, one in pots, and another one in the field were set up and conducted for three years with trees grafted on both rootstocks. Trees in the pots experiment were arranged in five groups and irrigated with waters differing in their salt and thus, Cl−, Ca2+ and Na+ water contents. Season-end leaf contents of Na, Cl, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, toxicity symptoms and fruit yields were assessed. In the field experiment, one irrigation water quality was used, and just leaf chloride contents, water potential and fruit yields were evaluated. Field toxicity symptoms were reproduced in the pots experiment in the trees on D. lotus, but not on D. virginiana, with leaf chloride contents increasing with increasing irrigation water salinity. Leaf chloride contents were much higher than either sodium or boron, and significantly more correlated with toxicity symptoms. Comparing to chloride toxicity and salinity tolerance data from similar woody crops, D. lotus was classified as sensitive to salinity with, respectively, threshold ECe and slope of 1.2dSm−1 and 22 dS−1m. D. lotus rootstocks lend persimmon trees very lower ability to avoid chloride toxicity likely because of, on the one hand, its low soil exploration capacity, and, on the other hand, its low chloride exclusion capacity. In return, however, D. lotus lends persimmon trees more productivity, which still keeps for waters with slight-to-moderate chloride contents (3–4mmol/L).