Differences in pre-season balance among student athletes based on level of contact, age, and sex

Abstract

BackgroundAssessing postural control is important for the assessment of motor function after concussion. Data used for postural control assessment typically do not take the sport played, age, or sex of the athlete into consideration. It is plausible these variables may be significant when making return-to-play decisions. Research questionThis study used the BTrackS database to examine differences in postural control in athletes playing different types of sports and across sex and age. MethodsBTrackS data from 9093 high school to college-aged athletes (aged 14–22 years) were examined employing a One-way ANOVA with a post-hoc test to compare CoP path length between sport types. A moderation analysis was used to test interaction effects of sex and age on a CoP/BMI ratio. ResultsSignificant differences were observed between sport types, F(3,9089) = 42.4, p <.001, η2 = 0.014. Post hoc tests indicated that collision (M = 25.0, SD = 7.6) sport athletes exhibited significantly higher CoP measures compared to the contact (M = 23.4, SD = 7.4), limited contact (M = 22.9, SD = 6.9), and non-contact (M = 23.0, SD = 7.4) athletes. There was no difference between other sport types (p >.20). A significant mean sex difference (Mmale = 0.924, Mfemale = 0.898, p <.001) and a quadratic association with age, (β = −0.042, p <.001) was observed. Further, magnitude of those age differences decreased with age (β = 0.011, p <.001). An interaction of age and sex was significant for linear (β = 0.020, p <.001) and quadratic terms (β = −0.006, p <.001). SignificanceAthletes exhibited different postural control when the type of sport, age, and sex was taken into consideration. This data possess clinical significance as this suggests that normative postural control data for collision sport athletes should be derived from data based upon type of sport played, age, and sex of the athlete.