Abstract
BackgroundPhysical functioning and mobility of older populations are of increasing interest when populations are aging. Lower body functioning such as walking is a fundamental part of many actions in daily life. Limitations in mobility threaten independent living as well as quality of life in old age. In this study we examine differences in physical aging and convert those differences into the everyday measure of single years of age.MethodsWe use the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, which was collected biennially between 2002 and 2012. Data on physical performance, health as well as information on economics and demographics of participants were collected. Lower body performance was assessed with two timed walks at normal pace each of 8 ft (2.4 m) of survey participants aged at least 60 years. We employed growth curve models to study differences in physical aging and followed the characteristic-based age approach to illustrate those differences in single years of age.ResultsFirst, we examined walking speed of about 11,700 English individuals, and identified differences in aging trajectories by sex and other characteristics (e.g. education, occupation, regional wealth). Interestingly, higher educated and non-manual workers outperformed their counterparts for both men and women. Moreover, we transformed the differences between subpopulations into single years of age to demonstrate the magnitude of those gaps, which appear particularly high at early older ages.ConclusionsThis paper expands research on aging and physical performance. In conclusion, higher education provides an advantage in walking of up to 15 years for men and 10 years for women. Thus, enhancements in higher education have the potential to ensure better mobility and independent living in old age for a longer period.
Highlights
Physical functioning and mobility of older populations are of increasing interest when populations are aging
About 12.7 % of the participants aged at least 60 had to be excluded, as they did not participate in the timed walking test
The descriptive analysis of the pooled six waves indicated a non-linear age effect on walking speed (Figs. 1, 2 and 3), which could be confirmed by growth curve models
Summary
Physical functioning and mobility of older populations are of increasing interest when populations are aging Lower body functioning such as walking is a fundamental part of many actions in daily life. Previous research has shown that walking speed declines with age and that men outperform women at all walking speed is associated with survival at all ages in both sexes, and is informative for people aged 75 and over [12, 13]. Physical capability measures such as walking speeds are predictors of general health in the elderly [13]. This association can be explained by fact that individuals with higher walking speed generally exhibit more healthy behaviors, lower cardiovascular risk, and lower levels of inflammatory markers [14]
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