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Abstract
Chronic periodontitis (CP) and diabetes mellitus (DM) involve several aspects of immune functions, including neutrophil activity and cytokine biology. Considering the critical function of chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the inflammatory process, the aims of this study were to determine: (i) IL-8 plasma levels; (ii) IL-8 (−251A/T, rs4073) and its receptor 2 (CXCR2, +1208C/T, rs1126579) polymorphisms, and (iii) the presence of the selected periodontal bacteria in types 1 and 2 DM patients (T1DM and T2DM) and systemically healthy controls (HC) with known periodontal status. This case–control study comprises of 153 unrelated individuals: 36/44 patients suffering from T1DM+CP/T2DM+CP and 32/41 from HC+CP/non-periodontitis HC. Both the clinical and biochemical parameters were monitored. The genotypes were determined using qPCR, IL-8 plasma levels were measured using an ELISA kit. Subgingival bacterial colonization was analyzed with a DNA microarray detection kit. The IL-8 plasma levels differed significantly between non-periodontitis HC and T1DM+CP/T2DM+CP patients (P < 0.01). Even in HC+CP, IL-8 concentrations were significantly lower than in T1DM+CP/T2DM+CP patients (P ≤ 0.05). No significant associations between the IL-8 plasma levels and the studied IL-8 and CXCR2 polymorphisms or the occurrence of selected periodontal bacteria (P > 0.05) were found. CP does not influence the circulating IL-8 levels. Patients with T1DM+CP/T2DM+CP had higher circulating IL-8 levels than HC+CP/non-periodontitis HC.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM), most frequently occurring as type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM), is a chronic metabolic disorder, which impacts global health [1]
The mean ages and body mass index (BMI) were similar for patients with T1DM+Chronic periodontitis (CP) and healthy controls (HC), but there were significant differences in mean ages between groups of HC+CP/T2DM+CP and non-periodontitis HC
Current evidence suggests that the relationship is bidirectional: diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk and severity of periodontitis, and periodontal disease can adversely affect the outcome of diabetes [32]
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM), most frequently occurring as type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM), is a chronic metabolic disorder, which impacts global health [1]. The major cause of morbidity and early mortality in diabetic patients stems from vascular complications [2], developing as a consequence of long-term hyperglycemia and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE) [3]. The five main complications of DM include retinopathy (DR), neuropathy (DPN), nephropathy (DN), altered wound healing, and macrovascular disease [4]. Chronic periodontitis (CP) is considered the sixth complication of diabetes [5], and it may have an increased influence on systemic levels of cytokines, especially in individuals with T2DM [6]. A common feature in DM and CP patients is a low-grade inflammatory state [10,11], which suggests a link between the two diseases. DM has many adverse effects on the periodontium, including an impaired neutrophil function and the production of cytokines [12]
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