Differences in coronary heart disease prevalence and risk factors in African and White patients with type 2 diabetes

Abstract

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is rare in sub-Saharan Africans; there are few data in African diabetic populations. We therefore evaluated the prevalence of CHD and conventional risk factors in 744 consecutive African (A, n = 448) and White European (W, n = 296) subjects with type 2 diabetes. CHD was present in 4% of A and in 23% of W ( p < 0.001). Compared with W, the A groups had lower total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels: men: TC—W, 5.76 (S.D., 1.36) and A, 4.98 (1.29) mmol/l; TG—W, 2.10 (IQR,1.40–3.00) and A, 1.60 (1.10–2.55) mmol/l; women: TC—W, 5.85 (1.31) and A, 5.20 (1.24); TG—2.00 (1.40–2.90) and A, 1.40 (1.00–2.03) mmol/l ( p ≤ 0.0022 for each comparison). The A had significantly lower TG:HDL-C ratios (an index of insulin resistance) ( p = 0.004) and were less likely to have (estimated) small dense LDL-C particles ( p ≤ 0.038). In subjects with established CHD traditional risk factors were similar in A and W. Regression analysis revealed that CHD associated in A with serum creatinine ( p = 0.0015) and TC ( p = 0.038) and with TG in W ( p = 0.0072). We conclude that the rarity of CHD in diabetic Africans can be explained by contributions of low TC levels and probably lesser insulin resistance and its consequences; renal disease may be an important additional risk factor.