Abstract
Objectives: Studies using the dual-task (DT) paradigm to explain age-related performance decline due to cognitive-motor interference (CMI) which causes DT costs (DTCs) revealed contradictory results for performances under DT conditions. This cross-sectional study analyzed whether differences in demographics, physical functioning, concerns of falling (CoF), and other mental factors can explain positive and negative DTCs in older adults while walking in DT situations.Methodology: N = 222 participants (57–89 years) performed a single task (ST) and a DT walking condition (visual-verbal Stroop task) in randomized order on a treadmill. Gait parameters (step length, step width) were measured at a constant self-selected walking speed. Demographics [age, Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE)], physical functioning (hand grip strength), CoF [Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I)], and mental factors [Short Form-12 (SF-12)] were assessed. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to reveal subgroup differences. A four-step hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to identify which variables determine the DTC.Results: Three subgroups were identified: (1) participants (n = 53) with positive DTCs (improvements under DT conditions); (2) participants with negative DTCs (n = 60) in all gait parameters; and (3) participants (n = 109) who revealed non-uniform DTCs. Baseline characteristics between the subgroups showed differences in age (F(2,215) = 4.953; p = 0.008; η2 = 0.044). The regression analysis revealed that physical functioning was associated with positive DTC and CoF with negative DTC.Conclusion: The results confirmed a huge inter-individual variability in older adults. They lead us to suggest that factors causing performance differences in DTCs needs to be reassessed. Functional age seems to determine DTCs rather than calendric age. Psychological variables particularly seem to negatively influence DT performance.
Highlights
Age is associated with sensorimotor change and changes in the musculoskeletal system
Participants with positive DT cost (DTC) were older than the two other groups (F(2,215) = 4.953; p = 0.008; ηp2 = 0.044)
The range of positive and negative DTC for step width and step length was between 1% up to 95% for step width, and 1% up to 60% for step length
Summary
Age is associated with sensorimotor change and changes in the musculoskeletal system. Age is associated with reduced cognitive processing efficiency (e.g., decrease in nerve conduction speed, increased lateralization; Hedden and Gabrieli, 2004) and in turn, a decrease in cognitive performance, such as diminished response time, working memory, and processing of multiple tasks. These age-related cognitive changes might affect daily task performance (Stawski et al, 2006). More and more studies indicate a correlation between age-related declines in the sensory and motor system, as well as in cognitive functioning (Li and Lindenberger, 2002)
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