Abstract
Abstract Despite similarities in activity at the opioid receptors, there are significant differences in the profiles of individuals engaged in heroin use as compared to those engaged in non-prescribed opioid use (NPOU). This chapter first reviews the epidemiological trends evident in NPOU and heroin use, before discussing sociodemographic characteristics of persons who engage in NPOU and heroin use, personality correlates, delinquency and criminal justice involvement, familial and environmental influences, physical and mental health, and other substance use. We also review studies examining results of neuropsychological and neuroimaging comparisons, motives and sources, and the impact of heroin or NPOU on treatment outcomes. When available, we outline results of direct comparisons. We conclude with a review of the similarities and differences between persons with primary NPOU and heroin use, and outline limitations in the knowledge base and specific directions for future research.
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