Abstract
The associations between particulate matter from Asian dust storms (ADS) and health disorders differ among studies, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, ADS and non-ADS particles were tested for their potential to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with adverse respiratory effects. Particulate matter was collected in Japan during four periods in 2013 (2 × ADS periods; 2 × non-ADS). THP1 cells were exposed to this particulate matter, and the levels of various interleukins (ILs), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured. Levels of IL-2 increased significantly following exposure to all particulate matter samples (compared to levels in a solvent control). Increased levels of IL-10 and TNF-α were also observed following exposure to particles collected during three (one ADS and two non-ADS) and two (one ADS and one non-ADS) collection periods, respectively. Thus, the effects of particulate matter on cytokine responses differed according to collection period, and the effects of ADS particles differed for each ADS event. Additionally, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by ADS particles were not always higher than those induced by non-ADS particles.
Highlights
Numerous epidemiology research studies have shown the effects of ambient pollutants on the development of health disorders [1,2,3]
The period of Asian dust storms (ADS) exposure was determined using relevant information from the Japan Meteorological Agency originating from meteorological satellites, which was based on the criterion that visibility
Allowing for the simultaneous quantitative measurement of nine pro-inflammatory cytokines in a single sample, exposure of THP1 cells to airborne particles from various periods significantly induced the expression of IL-2, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α
Summary
Numerous epidemiology research studies have shown the effects of ambient pollutants on the development of health disorders [1,2,3]. Turbulent winds raise large quantities of dust from desert sands and are a major source of particulate matter. These sand dust emissions can induce disease in humans [8] and impact the health of distant populations because they travel far from their source [9]. Sand dust is typically of geological origin and consists of, for example, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron (III) oxide, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide [11]. This sand dust is known to induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [12]. Sand dust emissions originating from China and Central Asia contain anthropogenic metals, chemicals, and microorganisms introduced by rapid industrial development; they may pose an even greater health risk than previously thought [16,17]
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