Abstract
BackgroundIndividuals with diabetes who are smokers have higher risks of cardiovascular disease, premature death, and microvascular complications. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in smokers with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and to evaluate if the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety differ between the three groups studied (patients with T2D who smoke; patients with T2D who do not smoke; smokers without T2D), and finally determine if the degree of nicotine dependence is related to symptoms of anxiety and depression in smokers (with or without T2D).MethodsThree study groups were formed: 46 T2D smokers (DS), 46 T2D non-smokers (D), and 46 smokers without diabetes (S), totaling 138 participants. Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale and Fagerström Test were applied.ResultsThe prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in smokers with T2D was 30.4% and 50%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the proportion of individuals with symptoms of anxiety (p = 0.072) or depression (p = 0.657) in the DS group compared to group D or S. Among male patients with T2D, the smokers had a higher prevalence of anxiety symptoms (19.6%) than non-smokers (4,3%) (p = 0,025). The prevalence of high nicotine dependence among smokers with and without T2D was 39.1% and 37.1%, respectively (p = 0.999). Fagerström scores showed no significant correlation with the scores obtained on the subscale of anxiety (p = 0,735) or depression (p = 0,364).ConclusionsThe prevalence of depression and anxiety among smokers with and without diabetes and non-smokers T2D is similar. Among male individuals with T2D, the smokers have more symptoms of anxiety than the non-smokers. There is no difference in the prevalence of nicotine dependence among smokers with and without diabetes. The presence of symptoms of anxiety or depression is similar between patients who are dependent and not dependent on nicotine.
Highlights
Individuals with diabetes who are smokers have higher risks of cardiovascular disease, premature death, and microvascular complications
Fagerström scores showed no significant correlation with the scores obtained on the subscale of anxiety (p = 0,735) or depression (p = 0,364)
Among male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), the smokers had a higher prevalence of anxiety symptoms than the non-smokers
Summary
Individuals with diabetes who are smokers have higher risks of cardiovascular disease, premature death, and microvascular complications. A study in Brazil showed that the prevalence of smoking in Brazilian capitals varies from 12.9% in Aracajú to 25.2% in Porto Alegre [6]. Another national survey found that 17.4% of the sample uses tobacco daily and that 20.8% of smokers aged ≥ 35 years reported a desire to stop or reduce tobacco use [7]. A study conducted in the U.S found that the prevalence of smoking among adults with diabetes (type 1 or 2) in 1990 was 23.6% and remained stable through 2001 (23.2%) [8]
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