Diets, genes, and drugs that increase lifespan and delay age-related diseases: Role of nutrient-sensing neurons and Creb-binding protein

Abstract

Discovery of interventions that delay or minimize age-related diseases is arguably the major goal of aging research. Conversely discovery of interventions based on phenotypic screens have often led to further elucidation of pathophysiological mechanisms. Although most hypotheses to explain lifespan focus on cell-autonomous processes, increasing evidence suggests that in multicellular organisms, neurons, particularly nutrient-sensing neurons, play a determinative role in lifespan and age-related diseases. For example, protective effects of dietary restriction and inactivation of insulin-like signaling increase lifespan and delay age-related diseases dependent on Creb-binding protein in GABA neurons, and Nrf2/Skn1 in just 2 nutrient-sensing neurons in C. elegans. Screens for drugs that increase lifespan also indicate that such drugs are predominantly active through neuronal signaling. Our own screens also indicate that neuroactive drugs also delay pathology in an animal model of Alzheimer's Disease, as well as inhibit cytokine production implicated in driving many age-related diseases. The most likely mechanism by which nutrient-sensing neurons influence lifespan and the onset of age-related diseases is by regulating metabolic architecture, particularly the relative rate of glycolysis vs. alternative metabolic pathways such as ketone and lipid metabolism. These results suggest that neuroactive compounds are a most promising class of drugs to delay or minimize age-related diseases.