Abstract
Summary Since the early church, theology has taught that in the Lord’s Supper we receive the body and blood of Christ by the power of the words of Jesus Christ at his last supper. Although there have been various attempts at explanation, this fact was uncontested. Only through two medieval disputes about the Lord’s Supper (Radbertus/Ratramnus; Berengar) did the Western church find it necessary to attain clarity. The church did so in 1215 with an established doctrine of transubstantiation based on Aristotelian categories. Thomas Aquinas strengthened the dogma, but there was opposition. The fundamental opposition came from Dietrich von Freiburg, who argued that the philosophical foundation of transubstantiation was impossible („absque omni distinctione, quod non“). After the Second Vatican Council, Roman Catholic theology attempted various reinterpretations of this doctrine. Lutheran theology grounds the Lord’s Supper in Scripture alone and in the incarnation to which Scripture is a witness. In bread and wine, the communicant receives the body and blood of Christ, and thereby the most intimate connection with Jesus Christ.
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