Abstract
Our objective was to determine whether dietary vitamin K intake was associated with cognition and behavior among older adults. 192 consecutive participants ≥65 years, recruited in the cross-sectional CLIP (Cognition and LIPophilic vitamins) study, were separated into two groups according to the tertiles of dietary phylloquinone intake (i.e., lowest third below 207 µg/day versus the other two thirds combined). Daily dietary phylloquinone intake was estimated from 50-item interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire. Cognition was assessed with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE); behaviour with Frontotemporal Behavioral Rating Scale (FBRS). Age, gender, social problems, education, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, history of stroke, use vitamin K antagonists, inadequate fatty fish intake, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), vitamin B12, albumin, and estimated glomerular filtration rate were used as confounders. Compared to participants in the lowest third of dietary phylloquinone intake (n = 64), those with higher intake had higher (i.e., better) mean MMSE score (22.0 ± 5.7 versus 19.9 ± 6.2, p = 0.024) and lower (i.e., better) FBRS score (1.5 ± 1.2 versus 1.9 ± 1.3, p = 0.042). In multivariate linear regressions, log dietary phylloquinone intake was positively associated with MMSE score (adjusted β = 1.66, p = 0.013) and inversely associated with FBRS score (adjusted β = −0.33, p = 0.037). Specifically, log dietary phylloquinone intake correlated negatively with FBRS subscore of physical neglect (r = −0.24, p = 0.001). Higher dietary phylloquinone intake was associated with better cognition and behavior among older adults.
Highlights
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble substance found mainly in green vegetables and some vegetable oils.Vitamin K is classically known for its role as a coenzyme in the biological activation of seven proteins involved in blood coagulation [1]
Our objective was to determine whether dietary vitamin K intake was associated with cognitive and behavioral performance among geriatric patients
Sixty-four participants were in the lowest third questionnaire participants were in the lowest third of of dietary phylloquinone intake, i.e., below μg/day
Summary
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble substance found mainly in green vegetables and some vegetable oils.Vitamin K is classically known for its role as a coenzyme in the biological activation of seven proteins involved in blood coagulation [1]. We found that the use of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), which deplete the active form of vitamin K, was associated with cognitive impairment [6] and a lower volume of gray matter in the hippocampus [7] among geriatric patients. Taken together, these results suggest the importance of adequate (i.e., high enough) vitamin K levels for optimal cognition in older adults [11]. No randomized controlled trial has explored the benefits of vitamin K supplementation to maintain or improve cognition and related behavioral disorders in older adults. Before conducting such an expensive and time-consuming trial, it seems important and contributory to determine whether the intake of vitamin
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