Dietary supplements of mixtures of indispensable amino acids lacking threonine, phenylalanine or histidine increase the activity of hepatic threonine dehydrogenase, phenylalanine hydroxylase or histidase, respectively, and prevent growth depressions in chicks caused by dietary excesses of threonine, phenylalanine, or histidine☆

Abstract

Experiments were carried out to determine whether the addition of a mixture of indispensable amino acids (IAA) lacking in threonine, phenylalanine or histidine, respectively, to a nutritionally complete diet would increase the hepatic activities of the rate-limiting enzymes for catabolism of threonine, phenylalanine or histidine and prevent the adverse effects of the amino acid on growth when the dietary level of the amino acid is excessive. Week old Leghorn chicks were fed semi-purified diets containing 19% crude protein to which were added no IAA supplement or 10% crude protein from an IAA mix and 5 graded levels of either L-threonine, L-phenylalanine or L-histidine in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each amino acid was investigated in a separate experiment involving four replicate pens (seven chicks each) per diet. Weight gains and feed consumptions were determined on the fourteenth day of each experiment. The groups receiving no excess, and 1.0% or 2.0% excesses of amino acids were sampled on the fifteenth day for enzyme activities and plasma amino acid concentrations. Weight gain and/or feed consumption were lower, and plasma concentrations of threonine, phenylalanine and histidine were higher, in chicks receiving 1.5 to 2.0% dietary additions of threonine, phenylalanine, and histidine, respectively, than in chicks that did not receive these amino acids. Chicks that received the amino acids in diets that also contained the IAA supplement had better growth and feed consumption, lower plasma concentrations of threonine, phenylalanine or histidine, higher plasma concentrations of other indispensable amino acids, and higher activities of threonine dehydrogenase, phenylalanine hydroxylase, and histidase than chicks receiving excess amino acids in the absence of IAA supplements. We conclude that the dietary level of protein, not the dietary level of individual amino acids, is the primary determinant of the activity of amino acid degrading enzymes in liver. The increased activity of these enzymes may be the mechanism by which dietary protein alleviates the adverse effects of excessive levels of individual amino acids.