Dietary protocatechuic acid ameliorates ileal mucosal barrier injury and inflammatory response and improves intestinal microbiota composition in Yellow chickens challenged with Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract

Salmonella typhimurium (ST) is a common foodborne pathogen that severely affects the health of humans and livestock. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial functions. Chickens were used to investigate the effect of PCA on the gut health infected with ST. A total of one hundred eighty, 1-d-old birds were randomly allocated into 3 treatments, each with 6 replicates per treatment and 10 chicks per replicate. Broiler chicks in the control and ST treatment were fed a basal diet, and birds in the PCA+ST treatment received the basal diet with 600 mg/kg PCA. On d 14 and 16 of the trial, broilers in ST and PCA+ST treatments received an oral dose of ST, while broilers in CON received an equal amount of PBS. The data were analyzed by the one-way ANOVA. Dietary PCA increased (P < 0.05) final body weight, average daily gain, and feed to gain ratio in ST-challenged Yellow broilers. Protocatechuic acid significantly alleviated ST-induced intestinal mucosal injury reflected in the decreased (P < 0.05) plasma activity of diamine oxidase and ileal apoptosis, with increased (P < 0.05) ileal villus height and villus height/crypt depth. Protocatechuic acid treatment significantly decreased (P < 0.05) ST-induced proinflammatory cytokine (Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6, Tumor necrosis factor-α, and Interferon-β) content in ileum. Meanwhile, PCA treatment significantly increased (P < 0.05) the transcript abundances of claudin 1 (CLDN1), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and mucin 2 (MUC2) in ileum, all related to the intestinal barrier in ST-challenged Yellow broilers. Additionally, PCA also increased (P < 0.05) the diversity and richness of the cecal microflora as reflected by reduced (P < 0.05) abundance of Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria and Escherichia-Shigella, and increased (P < 0.05) abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus in ST-challenged Yellow broilers. These findings indicate that PCA relieves ST-induced loss weight, intestinal barrier injury, inflammatory response, and improves intestinal microbiota composition in Yellow broilers.