Abstract
The sustainability of animal production relies on the judicious use of phosphorus (P). Phosphate, the mined source of agricultural phosphorus supplements, is a non-renewable resource, but phosphorus is essential for animal growth, health, and well-being. P must be provided by efficient and sustainable means that minimize the phosphorus footprint of livestock production by developing precise assessment of the bioavailability of dietary P using robust models. About 60% of the phosphorus in an animal's body occurs in bone at a fixed ratio with calcium (Ca) and the rest is found in muscle. The P and Ca requirements must be estimated together; they cannot be dissociated. While precise assessment of P and Ca requirements is important for animal well-being, it can also help to mitigate the environmental effects of pig farming. These strategies refer to multicriteria approaches of modeling, efficient use of the new generations of phytase, depletion and repletion strategies to prime the animal to be more efficient, and finally combining these strategies into a precision feeding model that provides daily tailored diets for individuals. The industry will need to use strategies such as these to ensure a sustainable plant–animal–soil system and an efficient P cycle.
Highlights
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all living beings, as it is a key component of nucleic acids and energy transfer molecules and a major mineral component of bone [1]
This study provided a generic response of Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) P (g/kg) to variation of phytate P (PP), non-phytate P (NPP), and phytase
This simple method allows a prediction of true P digestibility based on chemical analysis of the diet in total P, PP, Ca, and microbial phytase, while NPP is the difference between total P and PP as used in broilers [80]
Summary
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all living beings, as it is a key component of nucleic acids and energy transfer molecules (adenosine triphosphate, creatine phosphate) and a major mineral component of bone [1]. Of greater concern is that P is not absorbed completely from any diet, and in the case of monogastric livestock farming, phosphorus-laden run-off can pollute and cause eutrophication of waterways, which can lead to growth of toxic nitrogen-fixing algae or cyanobacteria [4] This compromises the sustainability of pig farming, which has become highly concentrated in certain regions of several pork-producing countries. The depletion– repletion, a strategy less well known, consists of reducing P and Ca input below the animal’s requirements over some period of growth and increasing the supply as needed [8] This strategy can increase the animal’s P digestive efficiency and metabolic utilization in growing pigs; it overall decreases in P intake and excretion while maintaining growth and bone mineralization [9, 10]. The objective of this paper is to review the latest P and Ca assessment of bioavailability methods for evaluating the nutritional values of feed ingredients for pigs and estimating precisely P requirements, as well as, describing innovations and promising strategies to decrease the P excretions by growing pigs
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