Abstract
Few studies have explored pre-pregnancy diet and its relationship with pregnancy outcomes. The objectives of this study were to: (1) derive pre-pregnancy dietary patterns for women enrolled in a prospective cohort in the province of Alberta, Canada; (2) describe associations between dietary patterns and socio-demographic characteristics; and (3) describe associations between dietary patterns and pregnancy complications. Upon enrolment into the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) study (median age of gestation, 17 weeks), women (n = 1545) completed a validated 142-item food frequency questionnaire recording food and beverages consumed “in the 12 months prior to pregnancy”. Other assessments included pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, and socio-demographic characteristics. Dietary patterns were derived using principal components analysis. Scores were calculated to represent adherence with each dietary pattern retained. Four dietary patterns were retained, accounting for 22.9% of the variation in the overall diet. Dietary patterns were named the “healthy”, “meat and refined carbohydrate”, “beans, cheese and salad” or “tea and coffee” patterns. Higher “healthy” pattern scores prior to pregnancy were associated with lower odds of developing gestational hypertension during pregnancy (adjusted Odds Ratio (OR): 0.6, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 0.4, 0.9). Diet prior to pregnancy is an important target for interventions and may reduce the likelihood of developing complications such as gestational hypertension during pregnancy.
Highlights
Diet prior to and during pregnancy may have implications for the health of both mother and baby
Data from prospective cohort studies has indicated that during pregnancy, consuming a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean meat/fish, and wholegrains while being low in energy dense–nutritionally poor food is associated with a lower risk of exceeding the Institute of Medicine (IOM) gestational weight gain (GWG) guidelines [3], Nutrients 2018, 10, 914; doi:10.3390/nu10070914
This study aims to: (1) derive pre-pregnancy dietary patterns using principal component analysis for women enrolled in a prospective cohort study (Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition; APrON) in the province of Alberta, Canada; (2) describe associations between dietary patterns and socio-demographic characteristics; and (3) describe associations between dietary patterns and pregnancy complications
Summary
Diet prior to and during pregnancy may have implications for the health of both mother and baby. Studies of the developmental origins of health and disease have shown that the nutritional environment that mothers provide during pregnancy is important for the optimal health, development, and long term chronic disease risk of the baby [1,2]. Data from prospective cohort studies has indicated that during pregnancy, consuming a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean meat/fish, and wholegrains while being low in energy dense–nutritionally poor food is associated with a lower risk of exceeding the Institute of Medicine (IOM) gestational weight gain (GWG) guidelines [3], Nutrients 2018, 10, 914; doi:10.3390/nu10070914 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients. The report recommended that all women consume a balanced and varied diet consisting of frequent intakes of vegetables, fruit, whole-grains, low-fat diary, lean meat and fish, and legumes and nuts, with lower consumption of red and processed meat and sugar-sweetened beverages [8]. During pregnancy women, are recommended to increase calorie intakes by around
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