Abstract
BackgroundChronic Kidney Disease (CKD), characterized by an impaired kidney function, is associated with low testosterone levels. This study investigated the association between dietary patterns, testosterone levels, and severity of impaired kidney function among middle-aged and elderly men.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used the database from a private health-screening institute in Taiwan between 2008 and 2010. Men aged 40 years old and older (n = 21,376) with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 and proteinuria were selected. Among 21,376 men, 256 men had available measurements of testosterone levels. Dietary assessment was conducted using a food frequency questionnaire and three dietary patterns (fried-processed, vege-seafood, and dairy-grain dietary patterns) were identified using principal component analysis.ResultsMen in the lower tertiles (T1 and T2) of eGFR had significantly decreased testosterone levels by 0.8 (95% CI: − 1.40, − 0.20) and 0.9 nmol/L (95% CI: − 1.43, − 0.33). Furthermore, serum triglycerides (TG) levels were inversely associated with testosterone levels (β = − 0.51, 95% CI: − 0.77, − 0.24). Men in the higher tertile of fried-processed dietary pattern scores were associated with decreased testosterone levels by 0.8 nmol/L (95% CI: − 1.40, − 0.16), reduced testosterone-to-TG (T/TG) ratio by 1.8 units (95% CI: − 2.99, − 0.53), and increased risk of moderate/severe impaired kidney function (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and proteinuria severity by 1.35 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.58) and 1.18 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.37) times respectively. In contrast, the vege-seafood dietary pattern was negatively associated with severity of impaired kidney function and proteinuria after multivariable adjustment, but had no association with testosterone levels and T/TG ratio.ConclusionsThe fried-processed dietary pattern is negatively associated with testosterone levels but positively associated with the severity of impaired kidney function. However, the vege-seafood and dairy-grain dietary patterns appear to have beneficial effects.
Highlights
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), characterized by an impaired kidney function, is associated with low testosterone levels
The second factor was named as the vegeseafood dietary pattern and consisted of six food groups: dark-colored vegetables, light-colored vegetables, oil added vegetables or salad, seafood, legumes or Tertile of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) b
Testosterone and kidney function Our study found that men aged ≥40 years with lower tertiles of eGFR were associated with a decrease in serum testosterone levels (T2 and T1 β = − 0.80, 95% confidence interval (95% CI)-1.40, − 0.20 and β = − 0.88, 95% CI -1.43, − 0.33, P < 0.05, respectively)
Summary
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), characterized by an impaired kidney function, is associated with low testosterone levels. This study investigated the association between dietary patterns, testosterone levels, and severity of impaired kidney function among middle-aged and elderly men. Chronic kidney disease (CKD), characterized by an impaired kidney function, is recognized as a global health problem with major adverse outcomes that include cardiovascular disease (CVD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). A cross-sectional study by Yilmaz et al showed that serum total testosterone levels were decreased by 10% in CKD stage 2 and 42% in CKD stage 5, compared to those in stage 1 and the prevalence of hypogonadism was increased from 75% in men with CKD stage 1 to 92% in CKD stage 5 [5]. A possible explanation is that testosterone has vasodilatory effects on blood vessels, which can prevent the progression of atherosclerosis, ischemia, and endothelial dysfunction [6, 7]
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