Dietary patterns are associated with the prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms and the risk of getting a hospital discharge diagnosis of depression in middle-aged or older Finnish men

Abstract

BackgroundPrevious studies assessing the role of dietary factors in depression have mainly focused on nutrients, while the association between dietary patterns and depression is less studied. ObjectiveThe aim was to assess the role of dietary patterns in depression in both cross-sectional and prospective analyses. DesignThe study population consisted of 1003 Finnish middle-aged or older men from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Food consumption was assessed by food frequency questionnaire in 1991–1993 and dietary patterns from 25 predefined food groups were extracted by factor analysis. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the self-administered Human Population Laboratory Depression Scale, cut-off point of five or more indicating elevated depressive symptoms. ResultsAltogether 72 (7.2%) subjects had elevated depressive symptoms. Three dietary patterns were identified: “prudent”, “Western” and “mixed”. In cross-sectional analysis, after adjustments for age, examination year, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, marital status, leisure-time physical activity, history of mental illness and cardiovascular disease the prudent dietary pattern was associated with a 25% lower prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.99; P=0.036), whereas the Western dietary pattern was associated with increased prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms (OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.84; P=0.011). In the prospective analysis (16.5 follow-up years), the prudent dietary pattern was inversely associated with the risk of getting a hospital discharge diagnosis of depression (HR: 0.66; 95% CI 0.47, 0.93; P=0.018). ConclusionsAdherence to healthy dietary pattern is associated with lower risk of getting a hospital discharge diagnosis of depression.