Abstract
This study describes the association between dietary patterns and prostate cancer (PCa) risk in a population-based case-control study conducted in Montreal, Canada (2005–2012). Cases (n = 1919) were histologically confirmed, aged ≤75 years. Concomitantly, controls (n = 1991) were randomly selected from the electoral list and frequency-matched to cases by age (±5 years). During face-to-face interviews, a 63-item food frequency questionnaire focusing on the two years before diagnosis/interview was administered. Three dietary patterns were identified from principal component analysis. Unconditional logistic regression estimated the association between dietary patterns and PCa, adjusting for age, ethnicity, education, family history, and timing of last PCa screening. When comparing scores in the highest vs. lowest quartiles, the Healthy Eating pattern was associated with a decreased risk of overall PCa (Odds ratio (OR) = 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.61, 0.93); this association was stronger for high-grade cancers (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.48, 0.89). By contrast, the Western Sweet and Beverages pattern was associated with an elevated risk of overall PCa (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.10, 1.66). The Western Salty and Alcohol pattern was not associated with PCa risk. These findings suggest that some dietary patterns influence PCa development.
Highlights
A role for diet in the development of prostate cancer (PCa) has long been suspected
The objective of the current study was to evaluate the role of dietary patterns on the risk of PCa in the context of a large population-based case-control study conducted in Montreal, Canada
Cases and controls did not differ in terms of family income, cigarette smoking, physical activity, use of vitamin or mineral supplements, and total caloric intake two years before the index date
Summary
A role for diet in the development of prostate cancer (PCa) has long been suspected. It has been proposed as a potential explanation for the persistent geographic distribution of the incidence of this cancer and by studies of migrant populations [1,2,3,4,5]. Several methodological issues may have hampered the ability to identify associations with dietary factors, including limited exposure assessment and study size, as well as the lack of consideration of tumor aggressiveness. Many case-control and prospective studies were likely subject to detection bias, as latent, undiagnosed cancers may have been included among non-cases. PCa screening, which may be associated with lifestyle and diet [6], has been largely overlooked in previous studies
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