Abstract
BackgroudBreast milk is the optimal food for infant growth and development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between breast milk macronutrient composition with dietary pattern among lactating women.MethodsA total of 220 lactating women from 2011 to 2012 in Changsha, a city of south-central China, was recruited using a multi-stage sampling method. Breast milk was collected, and the protein, fat, lactose, total dry matter, and energy contents of breast milk were measured. A 24 h recall method on three consecutive days was used to collect the dietary information of lactating women and an exploratory factor analysis was performed was to identify dietary patterns. The association between the concentration of a breast milk component and dietary pattern was assessed using a multivariable linear regression model.ResultsThree major dietary patterns were classified. Lactating women with dietary pattern 1 mainly ate fresh vegetables and fresh legumes. Those with dietary pattern 2 mainly ate red meat, cereals and eggs, and those with dietary pattern 3 mainly ate fungi and algae, dries legumes and soy milk. Pattern 2 was positively associated with the concentration of protein (B = 0.07, 95% CI 0.00, 0.15), total dry matter (B = 0.20, 95% CI 0.02, 0.38) and energy (B = 1.66, 95% CI 0.03, 3.30) in breast milk. Morever, lactation period was negatively associated with the protein and total dry matter concentrations and positively associated with lactose.ConclusionsThe results show the lactation period was an important factor affecting milk composition and a dietary pattern with high intake of red meat, cereals, and eggs was associated with higher protein, total dry matter, and energy contents in breast milk. These findings show that the dietary patterns of lactating women can affect breast milk macronutrient composition and provide a foundation for improving child health.
Highlights
Breast milk is the optimal food for infant growth and development
Lactation period was negatively associated with the protein and total dry matter concentrations and positively associated with lactose in the multivariate linear regression model of associations between dietary patterns and breast milk concentration
The results showed that there are three major dietary patterns among lactating women in south-central China: dietary pattern 1 was mainly based on fresh vegetables and fresh legumes; dietary pattern 2 on red meat, cereals, and eggs; and dietary pattern 3 was based on fungi and algae, dried legumes, and soy milk
Summary
Breast milk is the optimal food for infant growth and development. Human milk contains all the energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients required for infant growth and development during the first 4 to 6 months of life. It provides various immunological factors and bioactive components [2, 5]. The macronutrient (i.e. proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) content of human milk has large variability, which is weakly associated with the maternal diet [8]. The fatty acid composition of breast milk and its association with the maternal diet during lactation are relevant [9,10,11]
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