Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Findings from a Case-Control Study.

Reema F Tayyem,Yaser M Rayyan,Rawan Ajeen,Tamara R Qalqili

doi:10.3390/nu13061889

Reema F Tayyem, Yaser M Rayyan + Show 2 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061889

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Abstract

Scientific evidence shows that dietary patterns are associated with the risk of IBD, particularly among unhealthy and Western dietary patterns. However, Western dietary patterns are not exclusive to Western countries, as Jordanians are steadily moving towards a Western lifestyle, which includes an increased consumption of processed foods. This study aims to investigate the association between dietary patterns and the risk factors for IBD cases among Jordanian adults. This case-control study was conducted between November 2018 and December 2019 in the largest three hospitals in Jordan. Three hundred and thirty-five Jordanian adults aged between 18–68 years were enrolled in this study: one hundred and eighty-five IBD patients who were recently diagnosed with IBD (n = 100 for ulcerative colitis (UC) and n = 85 for Crohn’s disease (CD)) and 150 IBD-free controls. Participants were matched based on age and marital status. In addition, dietary data was collected from all participants using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Factor analysis and principal component analysis were used to determine the dietary patterns. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a multinomial logistic regression model. Two dietary patterns were identified among the study participants: high-vegetable and high-protein dietary patterns. There was a significantly higher risk of IBD with high-protein intake at the third (OR, CI: 2.196 (1.046–4.610)) and fourth (OR, CI: 4.391 (2.67–8.506)) quartiles in the non-adjusted model as well as the other two adjusted models. In contrast, the high-vegetable dietary pattern shows a significant protective effect on IBD in the third and fourth quartiles in all the models. Thus, a high-vegetable dietary pattern may be protective against the risk of IBD, while a high-protein dietary pattern is associated with an increased risk of IBD among a group of the Jordanian population.

Highlights

Three hundred and thirty-five Jordanian adults aged between 18–68 years (185 were recently diagnosed with Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (UC: n = 100 (35.0% male); Crohn’s disease (CD): n = 85 (44.7% male); and IBD-free controls; n = 150 (49.3% male)) were recruited in this case-control study
There is a significant difference between controls and IBD cases in the means of current body weight, BMI, and waist circumference (p < 0.05)
There is a significant difference in physical activity between ulcerative colitis (UC) and controls and CD and controls

Summary

Introduction

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the colon, ulcerative colitis (UC), or any part of the gastrointestinal tract, Crohn’s disease (CD) [1]. IBD has traditionally been a disease of the Western hemisphere. Reports show several countries such as Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, and Eastern Europe are experiencing an increase in IBD incidence. An increasing incidence of IBD is identified in South Africa, South America, and Saudi Arabia [2]. The dramatic rise in the incidence of IBD, in South Asia, India, and Japan (traditionally low incidence countries), suggests that environmental factors, such as a Western dietary pattern, may have an essential role in disease pathogenesis [3]

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