Dietary patterns and depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japan: Baseline data from the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study

Abstract

BackgroundOnly one Brazilian study has examined the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. The current cross-sectional study examined this issue in Japan. MethodsStudy subjects were 1744 pregnant women. Between April 2007 and March 2008, information under study was obtained. Dietary patterns were derived from a factor analysis of 33 predefined food groups based on a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were defined as a Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale score ≥ 16. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, region of residence, number of children, family structure, history of depression, family history of depression, smoking, secondhand smoke exposure, employment, household income, education, and body mass index. ResultsThree dietary patterns were identified: ‘healthy’, characterized by high intake of green and yellow vegetables, other vegetables, mushrooms, pulses, seaweed, potatoes, fish, sea products, miso soup, sugar, and shellfish; ‘Japanese’, characterized by high intake of rice and miso soup; and ‘Western’, characterized by high intake of beef and pork, processed meat, vegetable oil, chicken, eggs, shellfish, and salt-containing seasonings. The healthy and Japanese patterns were independently inversely associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted prevalence ratios (95% confidence intervals, P for trend) between extreme quartiles were 0.56 (0.43–0.73, < 0.0001) and 0.72 (0.55–0.94, 0.008), respectively. No association was observed between the Western pattern and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. LimitationsInformation was obtained between the 5th and 39th week of pregnancy. ConclusionsThe healthy and Japanese dietary patterns may be inversely associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy.