Dietary Patterns and Daytime Sleepiness in Mexican Adults from 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey

Abstract

Abstract Objectives To assess the association between dietary patterns and sleep disorders in a nationally representative sample of Mexican adults (20–59 y). Methods Sleep symptoms and dietary information of a sample of 5076 Mexican adults from 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed. If perception of nonrestorative sleep or feeling sleepy/tired during the day ≥3 days/week were reported in a sleep symptoms questionnaire daytime sleepiness was defined. Dietary data was obtained through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire of 7 days. Food and beverages were classified into 26 food groups: Sweetened dairy and non-dairy beverages, Non-sweetened dairy and non-dairy beverages, Fruits, Vegetables, Other dairy products, Legumes, Cereal-based salty dishes, Corn-based salty dishes, Fast food, Eggs, Meat and poultry, Processed meat, Bakery products, Candies, Desserts, Salty snacks, Nuts and Seeds, Added fats, Tortilla, Soup, Ready-to-eat cereals, Bread, Potatoes, Alcohol, coffee and tea. Dietary patterns were generated through k-means cluster analysis using the standardized percentage of energy intake contribution of each food group. Logistic regression model adjusted by age, sex, socioeconomic status, rural/urban area, geographical region, tobacco use, physical activity level and total energy intake was done to assess the association. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA 14.0, with SVY commands. Results Three dietary patterns were identified: traditional (high in legumes and tortilla), industrialized (high in sweetened beverages, fast food and alcohol, coffee or tea) and mixed (high in meat, poultry, fruits and vegetables). 19.5% Mexican adults reported daytime sleepiness, it was higher in women (24.1%; 95% CI: 21.2, 27.2) than in men (14.5%; 95% CI: 12, 17.3). Multivariate logistic regressions showed that the industrialized pattern had higher odds for daytime sleepiness (OR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.99) than the traditional pattern. Conclusions Dietary patterns are associated with sleep disorders, such as daytime sleepiness in Mexican adults. Further research is needed to break the vicious circle of poor-quality diets, sleep disorders and health. Funding Sources Mexican Ministry of Health.