Dietary papaya peel extract ameliorates the crowding stress, enhances growth and immunity in Labeo rohita fingerlings.

Abstract

This study was designed to determine the effects of papaya peel extract (PPE) supplementation on the growth and immunophysiological responses of rohu fingerlings at different stocking densities. In this study, three isonitrogenous (307.2-309.8gkg-1 protein) and isocaloric diets (16.10-16.16MJ digestible energy kg-1) were prepared using three different inclusion levels (0, 5, and 10gkg-1) of PPE. Four hundred and five rohu fingerlings (mean weight: 4.24g ± 0.12) were randomly distributed into nine treatment groups in triplicates viz. low (10nos 75 L-1 or ≈ 0.565kg/m3), medium (15nos 75 L-1 or ≈ 0.848kg/m3), and high (20nos 75 L-1 or ≈ 1.13kg/m3) following a completely randomized design. The study found that increasing stocking density negatively affected fish growth indices, such as weight gain percentage (WG%), feed efficiency ratio (FER), specific growth rate (SGR) and survival. In contrast, dietary PPE supplementation improved growth indices and survival (p < 0.05). We also observed that aminotransferase, lactate (LDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity increased with stocking density, whereas 5 and 10gkg-1 PPE supplementation reduced LDH and MDH activity (p < 0.05). PPE supplementation positively affected serum indices, decreased glucose levels, and increased respiratory burst activity (p < 0.05). Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) expression was highest in the low- and medium-stocking density groups fed with 5gkg-1 PPE, which also increased total immunoglobulin and myeloperoxidase activity while decreasing malondialdehyde concentration (p < 0.05). The results revealed that 5gkg-1 dietary PPE supplementation could be used as a growth promoter and immunostimulant to improve immuno-physiological responses at low and medium stocking densities.