Dietary nutrients and health risks from exposure to some heavy metals through the consumption of the farmed common carp (CYPRINUS CARPIO)

Halyna Tkachenko,Natalia Kurhaluk,Olha Kasiyan,Piotr Kamiński

doi:10.1007/s40201-021-00647-4

Abstract

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important cultured fish species in Poland. The aims of our study were to determine the concentration of essential minerals in the muscle tissue of carp obtained from a pond culture and to compare the content of these minerals with the physiological norms of nutrition for the Polish population, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), and Estimated Average Requirements (EAR). The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk by assessment of the Estimated target hazard quotients (THQ), total target hazard quotients (ΣTHQ), and carcinogenic risk were also studied. The muscle tissue of the carp was rich in macroelements. The pattern significance gradation of element concentrations was as follows: Na > K > Ca > P > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Cu > Mn > Cr > Se > Co. The concentration of toxic heavy metals in the samples was lower than the maximum allowable level of metals in food products. The risk of consumption of toxicants by an adult at a daily intake of 100 g of fish was 1.45% for Pb, 0.1% for Hg, 0.02% for Cd, and 0.02% for As, compared to the allowable daily intake for each toxicant. The value of the target hazard quotients of each metal was less than 1, indicating that the intake of a single metal through the consumption of carp meat does not pose a considerable health hazard. The total value of the target hazard quotients was also less than 1, indicating the safety of the combined effects of the chemicals. The major risk contributor was Pb with 82.9%, followed by Hg (9.38%), As (6.43%), and Cd (1.29%).

Highlights

Fish, as human food, is considered a good source of proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential vitamins, and minerals [6, 11]
The goals of our study were (i) to determine the concentration of essential minerals in the muscle tissue of carp obtained from a pond culture; (ii) to compare the content of these minerals with the physiological norms of nutrition for the Polish population, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), and Estimated Average Requirements (EAR); (iii) to study the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk level related to exposure to heavy metals and arsenic by assessment of the Estimated target hazard quotients (THQ), total target hazard quotients (ΣTHQ)
The human requirement for nutrients derived from foods was assessed according to the nutritional standards for the Polish population [22], comparing the actual intake of nutrients with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) (Table 2)

Summary

Introduction

As human food, is considered a good source of proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids ( omega-3 fatty acids), essential vitamins, and minerals [6, 11]. Seafood will be an even more important source of food protein than it is today [42]. The health risks associated with the consumption of fish contaminated by heavy metals are becoming a significant worldwide concern [36]. The general population is primarily exposed to heavy metal ions via food [23]. Fishes are the major source of methylmercury and dental amalgam [19]. The general population does not face a significant health risk from methylmercury, certain groups, especially with regional high fish consumption, may attain blood levels associated with a low risk of neurodegenerative abnormalities or

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusion