Abstract
Background: A balanced diet is an important lifestyle component and has been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases. Objectives: To assess dietary intake of adult residents in Luxembourg taking part in two population-based cross-sectional studies (ORISCAV-LUX, 2007–2008 and ORISCAV-LUX 2, 2016–2017). Methods: Dietary intake of the study participants (1242 in 2007/08 and 1326 in 2016/17), 25–69 years old, were evaluated using food-frequency questionnaires (134 items in 2007/2008 and 174 items in 2016/2017) according to the French ANSES-CIQUAL food composition database. Both food-group- and nutrient-based analyses were conducted. Results: Dietary patterns in ORISCAV-LUX 2, 2016–2017, were characterized by an increase in the estimated marginal means (EMM) of the intake of energy, total fat, saturated fatty acids, alcohol, and decreased EMM of total carbohydrates, magnesium, and calcium compared to 2007/08. We also observed an increased EMM of the intake of protein-rich food items and ready-to-eat foods/fast foods, together with a decreased intake of grains, dairy products, and vegetables (all p-values <0.05, linear mixed models). The intake of most micronutrients was stable or slightly increased in ORISCAV-LUX 2 vs. ORISCAV-LUX, except for the drop in magnesium and calcium, and generally met recommendations, in particular, EFSA population reference intakes (PRI), except for vitamin D. Conclusions: Though most micronutrient recommendations were met, nutrient consumption in terms of high energy, total fat, and sodium, as well as low carbohydrates, were not aligned with recommendations for balanced eating.
Highlights
As improvements in dietary habits have been shown to be an important factor influencing overall health and all-cause mortality [5,6,7], monitoring dietary patterns is an important aspect for studying changes related to population health
There was a significant increase in the estimated marginal means (EMM) of total energy intake, total water, total protein, animal protein, total fat, cholesterol, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and alcohol, and a significant decrease in the EMMs of total carbohydrate, simple sugar, and added sugar intake in ORISCAV-LUX 2 compared to
There was a decrease over time in the intake of grains, vegetables, and dairy products
Summary
Dietary patterns are an important nutritional and lifestyle component [1] Poor dietary habits, such as over- or under-consumption of calories and macronutrients and a low intake of certain micronutrients or nonessential constituents, such as dietary fiber and secondary plant compounds, including carotenoids and polyphenols, have been related to several chronic noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiometabolic, neurodegenerative, and autoimmune diseases, as well as mental illnesses [1] and cancer [2]. Methods: Dietary intake of the study participants (1242 in 2007/08 and 1326 in 2016/17), 25–69 years old, were evaluated using food-frequency questionnaires (134 items in 2007/2008 and 174 items in 2016/2017) according to the French ANSES-CIQUAL food composition database. Both food-group- and nutrient-based analyses were conducted. Conclusions: Though most micronutrient recommendations were met, nutrient consumption in terms of high energy, total fat, and sodium, as well as low carbohydrates, were not aligned with recommendations for balanced eating
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